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Abhishek Khatri, Om Prakash, Suman Kushwaha, Chandra Bhushan Tripathi, Rachna Agarwa*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.06.000226

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Inflammatory markers Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) associated are with high rates of cognitive decline. Inverse relation between IL-6 levels and Hindi Mental Status Examination (HMSE) scores has been studied. IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine is a key regulator of CRP. A cross sectional study was performed to examine the association between inflammatory markers (including IL-6, CRP and albumin) and cognition in subjects attending Neurobehavior clinic. 66 Dementia patients with average age of 69 ± 0.06 years were included in the study (44 Alzheimer’s Disease & 22 Vascular Dementia). AD cases were diagnosed according to ICD-10 and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Criteria (NINCDS-ADRDS) for probable AD and Vascular dementia cases were diagnosed with NINDS..... ReadMore

Behzad Saberi*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000225

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Surgical complications of petroclival meningiomas have reduced in last decades due to advancement in surgical techniques, neurosurgical technology and intraoperative monitoring improvement. This is a review on some possible surgical complications of the petroclival meningiomas surgery. Brainstem manipulation and perforating blood vessels injury which lead to edema and ischemia are the main reasons for surgical mortality in petroclival meningiomas surgery. Lower cranial nerves injury may result in breathing and swallowing disorders. Indelicate and prolonged retraction leads to cerebellar hemisphere and temporal lobe swelling. By using transpetrosal approaches the amount of brain manipulation and retraction would be decreased and as a result the occurrence of complications would be decreased. Meticulous care should be taken to avoid causing..... ReadMore

Mojtaba Ehsanifar*, Sayyed Shahabuddin Banihashemian and Farzaneh Farrokhmanesh

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000223

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Exposure to urban air pollutants has been established as a source of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that causes central nervous system (CNS) disease. Nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (PM), including fine particles (PM with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5μm, PM 2.5) and ultra-fine particles (UFPs, PM Recent studies report that the CNS may be a vital target for exposure to air pollutants, and especially for traffic air pollutants, of which diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are common sources. As said earlier, there is a strong convergence between experimental animal studies and human epidemiological studies concerning the ultimate biochemical and behavioral considerations that are affected by air pollution exposure [1]. Furthermore, in vitro researches support the in vivo findings that exposure to DEPs activates microglia and stimul..... ReadMore

Huang Wei Ling*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000222

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In the author’s daily practice, one of the main complaints she faces is headache. As a doctor who has six specialties, the first being specialized in infectious diseases, she began studying Chinese medicine (two years after finishing her medical residency in infectious disease in 1995), influenced by her mother who said that many diseases in the future will only be cured through Chinese medicine [1]. Having the privilege of the opportunity to study both medicines (Western and Eastern) the author understands today what failures current Western medicine has made, when it was instituted the scientific model implemented by Flexner in 1910, changing the whole way of seeing the patient and often moving away from the conventional model of explaining at the bedside, the changes presented by the patient. In the past, medical model was implemente..... ReadMore

Pedachenko Eugene Georgievich, Morozov Anatolyi Nikolaevich, Gridina Nina Yakovlevna*, Glavatsky Alexandr Yakovlevich, Kot Larisa Anatolievna, Ushenin Yuryi Valentinovich, Draguntsova Nataliya Gennadievna, Khristosenko Roman Vasilyevich and Belousova Anna

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000220

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The inflammatory process is an important part of malignant brain gliomas progression mechanism. The inflammation induced by tumor tissue necrosis is called tumor-associated inflammation (TAI). Taking into account the leading role of TAI in the gliomas progression, the aim of the work was to study the correlation between the indicator of the inflammatory process and the number of potential blood stem cells - lymphoblasts and monocytes. These cells are involved in the processes of tissue regeneration in the wound focus after surgery for the removal of tumors. The wound tumor focus was named “non-healing wound” as a result of the activation of TAI which prevents the formation of normal tissue cytoarchitectonics by blood stem cells, which are exposed to the destructive effects of inflammation factors. Studies have found a negative corre..... ReadMore

Komal Abdul Rahim*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000219

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In today’s era, 1% of the world’s population is suffering from autism spectrum disorder. If we further narrow it down; Pakistan recent statistical analysis (2012) revealed that 350,000 children have autism spectrum disorder. These children and their families feel odd one out from the society because of the behavioral alterations they acquire. Literature based articles that are taken to elaborate ASD ranges the references from 2007 to 2017. The classic symptoms of ASD includes impaired socialization, communication difficulties, cognitive problems and behavioral variations. As ASD is becoming prevalent these days, it is very important that people and especially nurses have enough information regarding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of ASD...... ReadMore

Ermelinda De Meo * and Raffaello Bonacchi

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000218

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), with a neurodegenerative component, representing a major cause of disability in young adults. Although etiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying MS are largely unknown, recent pathological and MRI studies raised the hypothesis of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-mediated mechanism of CNS damage. Since the earliest neuropathological studies [1-3] a preferential location for brain MS lesions in the periventricular white matter (WM) has been observed, although no conclusive explanation for this distribution has been provided. In a single histopathological study [4] a focally abnormal ependymal tissue overlying periventricular WM lesions was found; and it was interpreted as evidence of “ependymitis”, namely inflammation of the ependyma. A breakthrough ..... ReadMore

Nurul Sulimai and David Lominadze*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000217

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Involvement of fibrinogen(Fg) and fibrin during various pathologies associated with neuroinflammatory diseases associated with memory reduction are well known. Elevated level of Fg, called hyperfibrinogenemia (HFg) (e.g. ≥ 4±0.1 mg/ml of plasma during inflammation vs.~2±0.1 mg/ml of normal plasma [1]), accompanies inflammatory diseases such as stroke [2,3], hypertension [1,4], diabetes [5] and traumatic brain injury (TBI) [6-9]. Blood level of Fg increases during inflammation in general [10]. HFg is considered not only a marker of inflammation [11] but also a cause of inflammatory responses [12-16]. Gradual extravascular deposition of Fg in the brain accelerates neurovascular damage and promotes neuroinflammation [17,18]. It has been shown that Fg is associated with an increased risk of dementia and AD [19]. Derivative of Fg, fibrin..... ReadMore

Markus Fischl*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000216

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Mental illness is still a gray area at most Austrian companies and remains associated with various stigmas, even though nearly one in every 10 days of sick leave is due to mental illness. This causes the phenomenon of presenteeism, and it also results in a considerable cost for the business and the economy as well as losses in productivity. Numbers of sick days taken due to mental illness are growing significantly, and this trend can only be counteracted with a corporate culture of openness, education, and destigmatization, and by taking the appropriate measures in all aspects of prevention. Both companies and politicians are therefore called upon to become proactive by creating the appropriate framework...... ReadMore

Wani Suhail A, Sofi Fayaz A, Mushtaq Ahmed and Rayees ul Hamid Wani*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000213

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Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease caused by an aberrant immune response. Aims & Objectives: To study the neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus presenting at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. Material and Methods: A review of records of SLE patients admitted or evaluated in OPD from March 2010 to June 2017 was carried out. Results: Over all 85 SLE patients out of 269 which constituted 31.6% of all SLE study group had neuropsychiatric manifestations...... ReadMore

Alexander Chalyi*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000212

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This review article is devoted to a qualitative explanation of the fundamental reason for the formation of hexagonal structures in the system of grid cells in the brain (2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine). To achieve this goal, use is made of a)Richard Feynman’s classification of three stages in the study of natural phenomena and, first of all, the most important stage of cognition, associated with the formulation of the “first principle” of the appearance of hexagons. b)A synergetic approach that allows transferring the results of Hermann Haken for the physical system of Benard cells to the neurophysiological system of grid cells. c) The achievements of the fluctuation theory of phase transitions, which makes it possible to describe the features of processes near bifurcation (critical) points. d)The concept of “ univ..... ReadMore

Abdul Rafi Mohammed*, Muneer Abubaker and Abdelwahed Abougazia

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000211

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly affects respiratory system, typically presenting with fever and cough, but involvement of other systems is not unusual. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are rare and may be missed at first presentation. The authors report a case of acute cerebellar stroke in a COVID -19 patient presenting with ataxia and dizziness, three weeks after her first presentation with diarrhea and laboratory confirmation of SARS COV-2 infection. She was found to have an acute cerebellar infarct which resolved over time. The authors are not aware of any previous case reports of COVID-19 related isolated cerebellar stroke with no involvement of other parts of the brain...... ReadMore

Saeed Shoja Shafti*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000209

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Stigmatizing attitudes toward persons with mental syndromes are prevalent in the general population and even among mental health professionals, a problem that may result easily in public avoidance, constant discrimination, and declined help-seeking behavior. The effect of stigma is twofold: Public stigma is the response that the public has to people with mental disorder. Selfstigma is the bigotry which persons with mental disorder turn against themselves. The WHO has advised that stigma is one of the largest barricades to treatment engagement, even if management is operative, even in low-income nations. While before and according to a series of researches the outcome of severe mental illness is generally better in developing societies than in developed countries, and it has been suggested that stigma is less severe or non-existent in unin..... ReadMore

Saeed Shoja Shafti*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000208

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Introduction: Though negative symptoms are a real barricade against effective recovery in schizophrenia, their management by add-on antidepressants has produced changeable consequences. In the current study, some of the local systematic published studies have been the subject of a systematic review, to assess the effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressants on negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Methods: After probing in identified database, 8 home-based appropriate randomized clinical assessments, containing two hundreds and seventy-seven patients, was nominated. All chosen samples were among the long-lasting patients, with diagnosis of schizophrenia in line with “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders”, fourth edition, text revision. Following selection, they entered into a series of double-blind trials for random..... ReadMore

Muneer Abubaker, Afshan Hasan, Suhail Hussain, Yahya Paksoy and Abdul Rafi Mohammed*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000205

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Neurological complications of COVID-19 are not uncommon and can sometimes be serious and even fatal. We report a case of COVID -19 complicated by meningoencephalitis and spontaneous subdural hematoma requiring emergency craniotomy. Patient had a stormy course in intensive care and eventually died. As far as the authors are aware only handful of COVID-19 patients complicated with subdural hematoma have been previously reported in the literature...... ReadMore

Liu Dong, Li Zhongjun and Zhang Shuai*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000204

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Human Herpes Virus (HHV) is a large class of double stranded DNA virus that can cause a generalized rash after infection,mainly cause skin and mucous membrane damage, leading to the oral herpes, herpes dermatitis, genital herpes, et al. The virus will be long-standing with the host after infected, latent infection and cyclical recurrence are the pathogenic characteristics of HHV. Intermittent replication is one important reason that the virus cannot be completely eradicated by body immune system. HHV infection can stimulate the body’s inherent and acquired immune response, including the inherent immune cells, cytokines and T lymphocytes. The host cells infected the virus can inhibit the replication and proliferation of HHV by inducing apoptosis. In recent decades, with the deepening research and understanding of HHV, the virous is assoc..... ReadMore

Keiko Ohnari*, Hiroaki Adachi

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000203

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Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) has been differentiated from Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) by clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings, including the presence of the anti-aquaporin 4 antibody. However, it is recognized that patients with NMOSD are hard to differentiate from those with RRMS. Measurement of Evoked Potentials (EPs) is often used to diagnose RRMS and to find subclinical lesions in patients with RRMS, but EPs have not been investigated in detail in patients with NMOSD. Here, we have compared EPs in patients with NMOSD to those with RRMS. Characteristic findings in patients with NMOSD were the absence of both visual evoked potentials and of motor evoked potentials in the lower extremities, while in patients with RRMS there were delays in these potentials. Most patients with NMOSD did not pr..... ReadMore

Hiroaki Nabeka*, Gao Hui-ling, Xuan Li, Chen Li, Hiroyuki Wakisaka, Joji Kunihiro, Kana Unuma, Miho Taniguchi, Yuki Nakabayashi, Md. Sakirul Islam Khan, Tetsuya Shimokawa, Farzana Islam, Shouichiro Saito, Fumihiko Hamada, Naoto Kobayashi and Seiji Matsuda

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.05.000202

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Prosaposin (PSAP) is both a precursor protein of saposin A–D and a neuroprotective factor. In response to neuropathological disorders such as ischemia, neurotoxins, and nerve transection, PSAP is up-regulated such that both PSAP immunoreactivity and PSAP mRNA levels in neurons increase significantly. PSAP and an 18-mer peptide (PS18) derived from its neurotrophic region were shown to significantly protect damaged neurons. Meyer et al. [1] characterized the PSAP receptors GPR37 and GPR37L1, both of which are involved in neuronal protection, although their expression and their interactions with PSAP have not been fully elucidated (see the review of Smith [2]). However, the increased expression of PSAP and its receptors in damaged neurons and the surrounding glia points to a role for these proteins in protecting damaged cells in the nervou..... ReadMore

Rohit Shukla and Tiratha Raj Singh*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000200

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Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder, characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Recently a new factor called neuroinflammation is added which can directly play a key role in the progression of AD. The recent studies in humans and mice had shown that aggregated protein (Aβ and NFTs) binds to the microglia cells (the resident innate immune cells) found in the central nervous system and activates the innate immune response which is characterized by the release of inflammatory mediators and increase the disease progression through the neuroinflammation. Several factors such as traumatic brain injury, obesity, etc. can play a major role in neuroinflammation. Hence targeting the immune mechanism and reduce the risk factors could lead to future promising therapeutics for AD...... ReadMore

Kristi Kanel*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000199

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The Covid 19 Pandemic has affected everyone worldwide. It has been especially challenging for the United States due to politicization of how to best manage it. For the past eight months, the USA, along with the rest of the world has been on Pandemic Watch. This wording is used to replace terms such as ”stay at home”, “quarantine’, and “lockdown” since currently none of those things are really being enforced in the USA, although some countries do actually lockdown individuals, and some people who may be infected are asked to quarantine for two weeks. The focus of this paper is to develop an understanding of the psychological, emotional, behavioral, and social effects of being on Pandemic Watch has had on people, with a particular focus on US citizens. It will be suggested that Pandemic Watch is a better suited name since it mos..... ReadMore