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Alexander Chalyi*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000212

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This review article is devoted to a qualitative explanation of the fundamental reason for the formation of hexagonal structures in the system of grid cells in the brain (2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine). To achieve this goal, use is made of a)Richard Feynman’s classification of three stages in the study of natural phenomena and, first of all, the most important stage of cognition, associated with the formulation of the “first principle” of the appearance of hexagons. b)A synergetic approach that allows transferring the results of Hermann Haken for the physical system of Benard cells to the neurophysiological system of grid cells. c) The achievements of the fluctuation theory of phase transitions, which makes it possible to describe the features of processes near bifurcation (critical) points. d)The concept of “ univ..... ReadMore

Abdul Rafi Mohammed*, Muneer Abubaker and Abdelwahed Abougazia

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000211

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly affects respiratory system, typically presenting with fever and cough, but involvement of other systems is not unusual. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are rare and may be missed at first presentation. The authors report a case of acute cerebellar stroke in a COVID -19 patient presenting with ataxia and dizziness, three weeks after her first presentation with diarrhea and laboratory confirmation of SARS COV-2 infection. She was found to have an acute cerebellar infarct which resolved over time. The authors are not aware of any previous case reports of COVID-19 related isolated cerebellar stroke with no involvement of other parts of the brain...... ReadMore

Saeed Shoja Shafti*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000209

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Stigmatizing attitudes toward persons with mental syndromes are prevalent in the general population and even among mental health professionals, a problem that may result easily in public avoidance, constant discrimination, and declined help-seeking behavior. The effect of stigma is twofold: Public stigma is the response that the public has to people with mental disorder. Selfstigma is the bigotry which persons with mental disorder turn against themselves. The WHO has advised that stigma is one of the largest barricades to treatment engagement, even if management is operative, even in low-income nations. While before and according to a series of researches the outcome of severe mental illness is generally better in developing societies than in developed countries, and it has been suggested that stigma is less severe or non-existent in unin..... ReadMore

Saeed Shoja Shafti*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000208

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Introduction: Though negative symptoms are a real barricade against effective recovery in schizophrenia, their management by add-on antidepressants has produced changeable consequences. In the current study, some of the local systematic published studies have been the subject of a systematic review, to assess the effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressants on negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Methods: After probing in identified database, 8 home-based appropriate randomized clinical assessments, containing two hundreds and seventy-seven patients, was nominated. All chosen samples were among the long-lasting patients, with diagnosis of schizophrenia in line with “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders”, fourth edition, text revision. Following selection, they entered into a series of double-blind trials for random..... ReadMore

Muneer Abubaker, Afshan Hasan, Suhail Hussain, Yahya Paksoy and Abdul Rafi Mohammed*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000205

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Neurological complications of COVID-19 are not uncommon and can sometimes be serious and even fatal. We report a case of COVID -19 complicated by meningoencephalitis and spontaneous subdural hematoma requiring emergency craniotomy. Patient had a stormy course in intensive care and eventually died. As far as the authors are aware only handful of COVID-19 patients complicated with subdural hematoma have been previously reported in the literature...... ReadMore

Liu Dong, Li Zhongjun and Zhang Shuai*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000204

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Human Herpes Virus (HHV) is a large class of double stranded DNA virus that can cause a generalized rash after infection,mainly cause skin and mucous membrane damage, leading to the oral herpes, herpes dermatitis, genital herpes, et al. The virus will be long-standing with the host after infected, latent infection and cyclical recurrence are the pathogenic characteristics of HHV. Intermittent replication is one important reason that the virus cannot be completely eradicated by body immune system. HHV infection can stimulate the body’s inherent and acquired immune response, including the inherent immune cells, cytokines and T lymphocytes. The host cells infected the virus can inhibit the replication and proliferation of HHV by inducing apoptosis. In recent decades, with the deepening research and understanding of HHV, the virous is assoc..... ReadMore

Hiroaki Nabeka*, Gao Hui-ling, Xuan Li, Chen Li, Hiroyuki Wakisaka, Joji Kunihiro, Kana Unuma, Miho Taniguchi, Yuki Nakabayashi, Md. Sakirul Islam Khan, Tetsuya Shimokawa, Farzana Islam, Shouichiro Saito, Fumihiko Hamada, Naoto Kobayashi and Seiji Matsuda

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.05.000202

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Prosaposin (PSAP) is both a precursor protein of saposin A–D and a neuroprotective factor. In response to neuropathological disorders such as ischemia, neurotoxins, and nerve transection, PSAP is up-regulated such that both PSAP immunoreactivity and PSAP mRNA levels in neurons increase significantly. PSAP and an 18-mer peptide (PS18) derived from its neurotrophic region were shown to significantly protect damaged neurons. Meyer et al. [1] characterized the PSAP receptors GPR37 and GPR37L1, both of which are involved in neuronal protection, although their expression and their interactions with PSAP have not been fully elucidated (see the review of Smith [2]). However, the increased expression of PSAP and its receptors in damaged neurons and the surrounding glia points to a role for these proteins in protecting damaged cells in the nervou..... ReadMore

Rohit Shukla and Tiratha Raj Singh*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000200

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Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder, characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Recently a new factor called neuroinflammation is added which can directly play a key role in the progression of AD. The recent studies in humans and mice had shown that aggregated protein (Aβ and NFTs) binds to the microglia cells (the resident innate immune cells) found in the central nervous system and activates the innate immune response which is characterized by the release of inflammatory mediators and increase the disease progression through the neuroinflammation. Several factors such as traumatic brain injury, obesity, etc. can play a major role in neuroinflammation. Hence targeting the immune mechanism and reduce the risk factors could lead to future promising therapeutics for AD...... ReadMore

Kristi Kanel*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000199

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The Covid 19 Pandemic has affected everyone worldwide. It has been especially challenging for the United States due to politicization of how to best manage it. For the past eight months, the USA, along with the rest of the world has been on Pandemic Watch. This wording is used to replace terms such as ”stay at home”, “quarantine’, and “lockdown” since currently none of those things are really being enforced in the USA, although some countries do actually lockdown individuals, and some people who may be infected are asked to quarantine for two weeks. The focus of this paper is to develop an understanding of the psychological, emotional, behavioral, and social effects of being on Pandemic Watch has had on people, with a particular focus on US citizens. It will be suggested that Pandemic Watch is a better suited name since it mos..... ReadMore

Sukriti Das*, Asit Chandra Sarker, Dipankar Ghosh, Kanji Fatema Ishrat Zahan, Mohammed Shamsul Islam Khan, Akhlaque Hossain Khan and Bipin Chaurasia

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000198

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Background: Meningioma is a benign and slowly growing intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumor. It arises from the arachnoid cap cell of the meninges. Meningioma of the cranio-cervical junction is a rare and unique diagnosis of about 1.8-3.2% of all meningiomas. These tumors usually grow slowly and develop symptoms gradually but, sometimes with sudden onset of quadriplegia. The lesions are usually very large at the time of diagnosis. Post-surgical tumor recurrence is high due to failure of complete removal of the tumor (Simpson grade-I) as critical vascular structures, brainstem and cranial nerves are close to it. Case Report: We presented a case of a cranio-cervical junction meningioma of a 45-year-old female who presented with neck pain with headache and gradual weakness of all 4 limbs that made her unable to walk without support a..... ReadMore

Opeyemi Oluwasanmi Adeloye*, Oyeneyin Babatunde David, Samuel Olawuwo and Roseline kehinde Adeloye

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000197

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Synaptic plasticity is a biological system of specific pattern of synaptic activity result in changes in synaptic strength. This influence puberty, pregnancy hormones, sensory experiences, and brain disorders. Long-term synaptic plasticity is accompanied by protein synthesis and trafficking, leading to structural changes of the synapse. Increasing evidence connects the terminal synaptic changes with potential propagation in adolescent and pregnancy. We investigate on the synaptic structural plasticity, which has mainly been studied with in vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy. We also discuss how a different type of synapses, the multicontact synapses associated with pregnancy...... ReadMore

Aamir Jalal Al Mosawi*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000196

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Background: van der Wiel-Friedreich idiopathic facial paralysis is a unilateral, partial, or complete lower motor neutron facial nerve paralysis. The weakness can be associated with mild pain, numbness. The aim of this paper is to present a case of van der Wiel-Douglas-Friedreich idiopathic facial paralysis and to describe the early documentation of the disorder in the medical literature. Patients and Methods: The case of a six-year old boy with van der Wiel-Friedreich idiopathic facial paralysis is describe and the relevant medical literatures were reviewed to delineate accurately the early documentation of the disorder in the medical literature. Results: The boy had lower motor neuron left facial nerve paralysis without any other neurological abnormality and was otherwise health, and no identified cause could be found (idiopathic). Ba..... ReadMore

Shairin Sihabdeen, Elisa Ventura, Carlo W Cereda, Claudio Staedler, Giacomo Chiaro and Mauro Manconi*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000195

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Background: Besides the typical alternate clinical picture, Wallenberg syndrome may be rarely associated with facial pain due to the involvement of trigeminus nucleus, and sudden death. Case: We report a case of lateral medulla infarct associated with potentially life threatening intermittent high degree atrioventricular block (3rd degree AV-block) which occurred in close temporally association with severe facial pain exacerbations. The case required an urgent implantation of cardiac pacing. We hypothesized that the AV-block was triggered by vasovagal response to central mediate pain. However, a direct involvement of autonomic brainstem network (solitary tract nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus) could not be excluded. Conclusion: A similar sequence of events might explain at least part of the unexplained sudden deaths that seldom accompan..... ReadMore

Kenichi Meguro*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000193

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I herein present a unique statement, not focusing on the specific area but present an integrated viewpoint through MRI epidemiology to animal experiment. The aim is to provide a perspective for better understanding clinical features of Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). It is well known that AD and VaD are two major dementing diseases [1,2], and the clinical features are different; grossly, AD shows disintegrated emotion and cognitive function, and VaD shows apathy. First, I will present two typical VaD cases...... ReadMore

Nitin Rawat, Hemprabha Tainguriya and Anil Kumar*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000192

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Transient Receptor Potential of the family Melastatin (TRPM) is a group of nonselective cation channel, engaged in various daily activities of the body. The family’s first member (TRPM1) was cloned in 1998 capable of supressing the tumour in melanocytes of skin. Soon after TRPM1 was discovered, another family member was discovered, that includes TRPM2 (channel sensitive to oxidative stress present in microglial cells), TRPM3 (channel activating renal homeostasis that is activated by sphingosine), TRPM4/5 (Ca+2 activated sister channel involved in conduction of monovalent cation), TRPM6/7 (chanzymes related to Mg+2 homeostasis), TRPM8 (thermosensitive Ca+2 permeable channel). This review will summarize activation of key structural features mechanism and therapeutic potential of drug modulating TRPM channels...... ReadMore

Jian Shi*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000190

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the US, particularly in those under age 40, and ~2% of the US population is living with a post-TBI associate syndrome and disorders, based on CDC reports. It is recently concerned that individuals living with TBI take an increased risk for developing several long-term health problems. An early study found that any history of brain injury increases the risk of developing Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and other dementia, and severe head trauma doubles the risk of developing AD dementia [1, 2]. Also, there is evidence that TBI may lower the age of onset of any dementia or AD [3], particularly in people with high rates of TBI, such as US and other veterans [4]. Today, it has been accepted that TBI may cause chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and some researchers have..... ReadMore

Shchepankevich LA*, Petrova EV, Gribacheva IA, Popova TF, Novikova EG and Pervuninskaya MA

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000189

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Objectives: Assessments of the clinical manifestations of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) can help for early diagnosis with the definition of the characteristics and prognosis of the subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with the definition of further correct management and preventive measures. Materials and Methods: we study a group of patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (n=165) who were admitted at the Stroke Unit #1 in Novosibirsk (Russia) from 2013 till 2017 years. The dysplastic structure of the cerebral vessels and the peculiarities of the craniovertebral junction were assessed by CT angiography, USDG, R-graphy of the skull, and brain MRI. Results: The evaluation of the clinical, constitutional anatomical, radiology and ultrasound parameters showed that determine the development of non-traumatic subarac..... ReadMore

Giulio Perrotta*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000187

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The present work analyzes the clinical and psychopathological implications of hyperhistaminosis, starting from the general consideration that, despite the recent scarcity of research on the subject under examination, the correlation of hyperhistaminosis with different physical and psychic pathologies emerges and the direct relationship between body and mind and how these are interconnected. Hyperhistaminosis besides being involved in immune, neurodegenerative, systemic vascular, cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, kidney and skin diseases, is directly connected to a large part of mood disorders, depression, obsessive disorder, phobias, and various personality disorders, even if it is not yet clear whether the role of histamine is the main factor or cause that exacerbates the symptoms, also taking into account the neurobiological and genetic corr..... ReadMore

Giulio Perrotta*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000187

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The present work analyzes the clinical and psychopathological implications of hyperhistaminosis, starting from the general consideration that, despite the recent scarcity of research on the subject under examination, the correlation of hyperhistaminosis with different physical and psychic pathologies emerges and the direct relationship between body and mind and how these are interconnected. Hyperhistaminosis besides being involved in immune, neurodegenerative, systemic vascular, cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, kidney and skin diseases, is directly connected to a large part of mood disorders, depression, obsessive disorder, phobias, and various personality disorders, even if it is not yet clear whether the role of histamine is the main factor or cause that exacerbates the symptoms, also taking into account the neurobiological and genetic corr..... ReadMore

James F Welles*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2020.04.000186

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As a means to short-term adaptation/long-term demise, the human mind is a classic example of the “Neurotic Paradox” in action as it promotes behavioral patterns which are subject to immediate, short-term reinforcement although the long-term results will be decidedly negative[1]. A related drawback is that short-term errors may be hard to overcome in the long run[2] if the immediate decision sets one off on a bad behavioral pathway which becomes progressively more and more difficult to escape from later. Addictions to drugs or “Pleasure” would be commonplace examples of this basic physio/ psychological principle of learning and life[3]. As philosopher Honoré de Balzac noted, “Pleasure is like certain drugs, to continue to obtain the same result, one must double the dose, and death or brutalization is contained in the last one”..... ReadMore