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DG Baitubayеv* and MD Baitubayeva

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2022.06.000231

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It is known, that at the pick of dependence on any psychoactive substance (PAS), a person, for example, an opium (heroin) addict uses doses, which are multiple times, almost 10 times, higher than the lethal dose for an ordinary person [1]. The fact, that the drug user does not die, is explained by the increase in the body’s tolerance in response to the increase in the dose of PAS [1]. Urgent issues of medicine are not only identification of mechanisms for increasing tolerance, but also validation of the physiological process occurring on exposure to increasing doses of a psychoactive substance and the response increase in tolerance of a PAS-dependent organism. Purpose and Objectives of the Study Adaptation reactions of the organism with regular exposure to a sub-extreme stimulus. Lack of adaptive reactions of the organism already known ..... ReadMore

Ahed J Alkhatib*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.06.000229

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This a review study that purposed to explore the extent of integration between the microbiome in intestine and brain. This is achieved by the gut brain access (GBA). Interactions between gut brain (GB) and brain have been reported. Brain can impact the microbiome of intestine through GBA. This can affect the structure and functional properties of gut microbiome. On the other hand, gut microbiome can release neurotransmitters that impact the function of brain. Now, we are looking for the diseases from a complicated point of view, and better understanding of such interactions have become crucial to control diseases in future. Taken together, the present study showed that gut brain and the brain exchanges information that are processed and facilitated by microbiome in both intestine and brain. Controlling of microbiome is thought to be featu..... ReadMore

Maria Stavrou*, Solomis Solomou*, Anthousa Kythreotou, Antreas Ioannou, Eva Lioutas, Joanna Lioutas and Peter Karayiannis

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.06.000228

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Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes a wide spectrum of disease severity. Initial manifestations include fever, dry cough, and constitutional symptoms, which may progress to respiratory disease. There may also be neurological and psychiatric manifestations, involving both the central and peripheral nervous system. Methods: We performed a literature search of the databases PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and Web of Science for observational studies reporting neurological, psychiatric, and neuropsychiatric effects of COVID-19. This was followed by a narrative synthesis to summarise the data and discuss neuropsychiatric associations, symptom severity, management, and recovery. Findings: The most frequently reported neurological symptoms were ageusia, hyposmia/anosmia, dizziness, headache, and loss of consciousness. Statistically si..... ReadMore

Ana Rita Coelho*, Roberto Silva, Jorge Pinheiro and Mrinalini Honavar

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000227

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Pineal region tumours (PRT) are rare, accounting for less than 1% of all Central Nervous System (CNS) neoplasms1. Several distinct tumour types can occur in this location, reflecting the heterogeneity of the various structures of this small region. Pineal parenchymal tumours (PPT) represent approximately 27% of PRT and they are thought to be derived from pineocytes [1], cells with photosensory and neuroendocrine functions associated with melatonin production. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 classification of CNS tumours, PPT can be divided into three distinct tumour types, that differ in the degree of differentiation and biological behaviour: pineocytomas, pineal parenchymal tumours of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) and pineoblastomas [1]...... ReadMore

Abhishek Khatri, Om Prakash, Suman Kushwaha, Chandra Bhushan Tripathi, Rachna Agarwa*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.06.000226

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Inflammatory markers Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) associated are with high rates of cognitive decline. Inverse relation between IL-6 levels and Hindi Mental Status Examination (HMSE) scores has been studied. IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine is a key regulator of CRP. A cross sectional study was performed to examine the association between inflammatory markers (including IL-6, CRP and albumin) and cognition in subjects attending Neurobehavior clinic. 66 Dementia patients with average age of 69 ± 0.06 years were included in the study (44 Alzheimer’s Disease & 22 Vascular Dementia). AD cases were diagnosed according to ICD-10 and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Criteria (NINCDS-ADRDS) for probable AD and Vascular dementia cases were diagnosed with NINDS..... ReadMore

Behzad Saberi*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000225

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Surgical complications of petroclival meningiomas have reduced in last decades due to advancement in surgical techniques, neurosurgical technology and intraoperative monitoring improvement. This is a review on some possible surgical complications of the petroclival meningiomas surgery. Brainstem manipulation and perforating blood vessels injury which lead to edema and ischemia are the main reasons for surgical mortality in petroclival meningiomas surgery. Lower cranial nerves injury may result in breathing and swallowing disorders. Indelicate and prolonged retraction leads to cerebellar hemisphere and temporal lobe swelling. By using transpetrosal approaches the amount of brain manipulation and retraction would be decreased and as a result the occurrence of complications would be decreased. Meticulous care should be taken to avoid causing..... ReadMore

Joanna Sikora* and Aleksandra Karczmarska Wódzka

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000224

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Stroke remains a global leading cause of death and long-term disability, highlighting the need for more effective treatment approaches. The efficacy of aspirin in both primary and secondary prevention of stroke and hence cardiovascular death is established and the addition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor, clopidogrel, further reduces these risks. This medication is administered once per day at 75 mg...... ReadMore

Mojtaba Ehsanifar*, Sayyed Shahabuddin Banihashemian and Farzaneh Farrokhmanesh

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000223

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Exposure to urban air pollutants has been established as a source of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that causes central nervous system (CNS) disease. Nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (PM), including fine particles (PM with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5μm, PM 2.5) and ultra-fine particles (UFPs, PM Recent studies report that the CNS may be a vital target for exposure to air pollutants, and especially for traffic air pollutants, of which diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are common sources. As said earlier, there is a strong convergence between experimental animal studies and human epidemiological studies concerning the ultimate biochemical and behavioral considerations that are affected by air pollution exposure [1]. Furthermore, in vitro researches support the in vivo findings that exposure to DEPs activates microglia and stimul..... ReadMore

Huang Wei Ling*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000222

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In the author’s daily practice, one of the main complaints she faces is headache. As a doctor who has six specialties, the first being specialized in infectious diseases, she began studying Chinese medicine (two years after finishing her medical residency in infectious disease in 1995), influenced by her mother who said that many diseases in the future will only be cured through Chinese medicine [1]. Having the privilege of the opportunity to study both medicines (Western and Eastern) the author understands today what failures current Western medicine has made, when it was instituted the scientific model implemented by Flexner in 1910, changing the whole way of seeing the patient and often moving away from the conventional model of explaining at the bedside, the changes presented by the patient. In the past, medical model was implemente..... ReadMore

Felix Corr*, Philipp Einheuser, Beat Alessandri, Florian Ringel and Harald Krenzlin

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000221

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Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor associated with poor prognosis and mortality. Despite optimal primary therapy, median survival remains poor. New approaches to tumor eradication are lacking and urgently needed to improve patient survival and quality of life. Immunotherapies promise new treatment strategies in addition to standard treatment. Checkpoint inhibition and programmed death ligand 1 blockage so far have failed to mount a clinical impact in glioblastoma. Modified T-cells are seen as a novel promising therapy as they have not been extensively tested in glioblastoma. Today, such modified T-cells are established in the treatment hematological malignancies. Approaches include adoptive transfer of T-cells genetically engineered with a receptor that targets tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)...... ReadMore

Pedachenko Eugene Georgievich, Morozov Anatolyi Nikolaevich, Gridina Nina Yakovlevna*, Glavatsky Alexandr Yakovlevich, Kot Larisa Anatolievna, Ushenin Yuryi Valentinovich, Draguntsova Nataliya Gennadievna, Khristosenko Roman Vasilyevich and Belousova Anna

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000220

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The inflammatory process is an important part of malignant brain gliomas progression mechanism. The inflammation induced by tumor tissue necrosis is called tumor-associated inflammation (TAI). Taking into account the leading role of TAI in the gliomas progression, the aim of the work was to study the correlation between the indicator of the inflammatory process and the number of potential blood stem cells - lymphoblasts and monocytes. These cells are involved in the processes of tissue regeneration in the wound focus after surgery for the removal of tumors. The wound tumor focus was named “non-healing wound” as a result of the activation of TAI which prevents the formation of normal tissue cytoarchitectonics by blood stem cells, which are exposed to the destructive effects of inflammation factors. Studies have found a negative corre..... ReadMore

Komal Abdul Rahim*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000219

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In today’s era, 1% of the world’s population is suffering from autism spectrum disorder. If we further narrow it down; Pakistan recent statistical analysis (2012) revealed that 350,000 children have autism spectrum disorder. These children and their families feel odd one out from the society because of the behavioral alterations they acquire. Literature based articles that are taken to elaborate ASD ranges the references from 2007 to 2017. The classic symptoms of ASD includes impaired socialization, communication difficulties, cognitive problems and behavioral variations. As ASD is becoming prevalent these days, it is very important that people and especially nurses have enough information regarding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of ASD...... ReadMore

Ermelinda De Meo * and Raffaello Bonacchi

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000218

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), with a neurodegenerative component, representing a major cause of disability in young adults. Although etiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying MS are largely unknown, recent pathological and MRI studies raised the hypothesis of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-mediated mechanism of CNS damage. Since the earliest neuropathological studies [1-3] a preferential location for brain MS lesions in the periventricular white matter (WM) has been observed, although no conclusive explanation for this distribution has been provided. In a single histopathological study [4] a focally abnormal ependymal tissue overlying periventricular WM lesions was found; and it was interpreted as evidence of “ependymitis”, namely inflammation of the ependyma. A breakthrough ..... ReadMore

Nurul Sulimai and David Lominadze*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000217

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Involvement of fibrinogen(Fg) and fibrin during various pathologies associated with neuroinflammatory diseases associated with memory reduction are well known. Elevated level of Fg, called hyperfibrinogenemia (HFg) (e.g. ≥ 4±0.1 mg/ml of plasma during inflammation vs.~2±0.1 mg/ml of normal plasma [1]), accompanies inflammatory diseases such as stroke [2,3], hypertension [1,4], diabetes [5] and traumatic brain injury (TBI) [6-9]. Blood level of Fg increases during inflammation in general [10]. HFg is considered not only a marker of inflammation [11] but also a cause of inflammatory responses [12-16]. Gradual extravascular deposition of Fg in the brain accelerates neurovascular damage and promotes neuroinflammation [17,18]. It has been shown that Fg is associated with an increased risk of dementia and AD [19]. Derivative of Fg, fibrin..... ReadMore

Markus Fischl*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000216

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Mental illness is still a gray area at most Austrian companies and remains associated with various stigmas, even though nearly one in every 10 days of sick leave is due to mental illness. This causes the phenomenon of presenteeism, and it also results in a considerable cost for the business and the economy as well as losses in productivity. Numbers of sick days taken due to mental illness are growing significantly, and this trend can only be counteracted with a corporate culture of openness, education, and destigmatization, and by taking the appropriate measures in all aspects of prevention. Both companies and politicians are therefore called upon to become proactive by creating the appropriate framework...... ReadMore

Nan Su, Weiqi Zhang, Nicole Eter, Peter Heiduschka* and Mingyue Zhang*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000215

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Schizophrenia is associated with several brain deficits, including abnormalities in visual processes. Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) is a family of trophic factors containing an Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) like domain. It is thought to play a role in neural development and has been linked to neuropsychiatric disorder. Abnormal Nrg1 expression has been observed in schizophrenia. Moreover, there is more and more evidence found about pathological changes of the retina regarding structural, neurochemical and physiological parameters. However, mechanisms of these changes are not well known. To investigate this, we analyzed function of the visual system using Electroretinography (ERG) and measurement of Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP) in a transgenic mouse overexpressing Nrg1 type III. ERG amplitudes tended to be higher in transgenic mice in younger anim..... ReadMore

Maria Stefanatou*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000214

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Brivaracetam (BRV) is the latest approved antiepileptic drug and acts as a high-affinity Synaptic Vesicle protein2A (SV2A) ligand that exceeds the binding potential of Levetiracetam (LEV). In the European Union, BRV is only approved as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of Partial-Onset Seizures (POS) with or without secondary generalization, in patients 4 years of age and older with epilepsy, while F.D.A. has recently approved its use as monotherapy in partial-onset seizures in adults. In Phase III clinical trials, BRV has shown efficacy and an adequate safety profile in patients suffering from POS. In additional open-label studies, BRV has demonstrated satisfying results and high retention rates in patients with both focal – onset and genetic generalized epilepsies. The main Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) observed duri..... ReadMore

Wani Suhail A, Sofi Fayaz A, Mushtaq Ahmed and Rayees ul Hamid Wani*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000213

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Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease caused by an aberrant immune response. Aims & Objectives: To study the neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus presenting at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. Material and Methods: A review of records of SLE patients admitted or evaluated in OPD from March 2010 to June 2017 was carried out. Results: Over all 85 SLE patients out of 269 which constituted 31.6% of all SLE study group had neuropsychiatric manifestations...... ReadMore

Alexander Chalyi*

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000212

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This review article is devoted to a qualitative explanation of the fundamental reason for the formation of hexagonal structures in the system of grid cells in the brain (2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine). To achieve this goal, use is made of a)Richard Feynman’s classification of three stages in the study of natural phenomena and, first of all, the most important stage of cognition, associated with the formulation of the “first principle” of the appearance of hexagons. b)A synergetic approach that allows transferring the results of Hermann Haken for the physical system of Benard cells to the neurophysiological system of grid cells. c) The achievements of the fluctuation theory of phase transitions, which makes it possible to describe the features of processes near bifurcation (critical) points. d)The concept of “ univ..... ReadMore

Abdul Rafi Mohammed*, Muneer Abubaker and Abdelwahed Abougazia

DOI : 10.32474/OJNBD.2021.05.000211

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly affects respiratory system, typically presenting with fever and cough, but involvement of other systems is not unusual. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are rare and may be missed at first presentation. The authors report a case of acute cerebellar stroke in a COVID -19 patient presenting with ataxia and dizziness, three weeks after her first presentation with diarrhea and laboratory confirmation of SARS COV-2 infection. She was found to have an acute cerebellar infarct which resolved over time. The authors are not aware of any previous case reports of COVID-19 related isolated cerebellar stroke with no involvement of other parts of the brain...... ReadMore