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Sujunpan* and Hee Ja Na

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000250

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Dental Clinic contains not Only Blood and Saliva, but also blood and saliva. in aerosol exposed environment to droplet spreader Infection Adequately adhering to the Infection control principle to block the transmission of the contagious Coronavirus-19 is very important to protect Patients and Dentists. Centers for Disease control and Prevention’s Coronavirus Infectious Diseases-19 Response Guidelines [1]. The study was based on guidelines for Behavior in Patient Care, Dental workforce management, and infection control in Dental installations in response to coronavirus infections-19. First of all, hand hygiene is Before and after patient contact and implemented. It shall be conducted in all cases where the patient’s blood, bodily fluids, secretions, excrements, or other pollutants have been contacted or exposed to the patient’s surro..... ReadMore

Gaurav Gupta*, DK Gupta, Priyanka Gupta, Parth Shah and Neelja Gupta

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000249

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Supernumerary teeth are also known as hypodontia which is defined as an extra number of teeth as compared to normal dentition formula of oral cavity [1]. The prevalence percentage of supernumerary teeth ranges from 0.10% to 3.6% in permanent dentition while 0.02% to 1.9% in case of primary dentition [2]. The supernumerary tooth cited in premaxillary region is termed as mesiodens. Usually, it has conical crown with single root which may be single or multiple. It might be one of the cause for creating eruption disturbances of incisors. Largely, (55.2%) of mesiodens found are in vertical position, whereas (37.6%) are inverted and remaining 7% are horizontally positioned [3]. The cause might be due to complex interaction of genetic as well as environmental factors [1]. Inverted mesiodens etiology still remains unknown. Various complications a..... ReadMore

Supriya Nambiar*, Soumendra Sahoo, Ciraj AM, Asavari Desai, Anupama Nayak, Mithun Pai and Nanditha Sujir

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000248

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Oral health is integral to general health and can restrict activities in school, at work and at home, causing loss of productive hours. Moreover, there is diminished quality of life due to psychosocial oral manifestations. There are several barriers to oral healthcare like, a lack of acknowledgement of the importance of oral health, perception of oral health as independent and secondary to general health, no access to an oral health provider due to geographic distance, dental treatment is unaffordable, and quality of dental treatment is varied. Singh et al. [1] suggested integrating oral health into general health so that it becomes more acceptable to the community, thereby addressing oral care inequality in India. But grass-root level health workers and doctors do not have adequate knowledge about oral hygiene and prevention of orodental..... ReadMore

Mohammad Karimi*

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000247

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Periodontal disease in children is a condition in which there are destruction and resorption of the supporting bone of the teeth, which has three types: local, diffuse, and pre-pubertal. The local type of severe bone resorption is symmetrically and bilaterally in the deciduous dental arch, which is not accompanied by inflammation of the gingival tissue and plaque. The causative agents are hereditary blood disorders along with bacterial agents. In the diffuse type, which occurs mostly in puberty and progressively, symptoms such as gingivitis, plaque, and calculus are evident. Treatment for these two conditions is surgery with the use of Tetracycline and sometimes Metronidazole. Local bone resorption is mainly the cause of systemic diseases such as blood disorders, leukemia, diabetes, and inherited Syndromic diseases. Gingival recession can..... ReadMore

Chandra Herath, Irosha Perera*, Primali Jayasooriya and Manosha Perera

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000246

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Teeth contribute to essential daily functions such as eating, speaking, smiling, aesthetics and overall quality of life of an individual. Importantly, the appearance of teeth is fundamental to facial attractiveness of children and adolescents. An aesthetically pleasing face with attractive smile ranks first among all other attributes of attractiveness of an individual [1]. Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) denotes a heterogenous hereditary development disorder characterized by enamel defects which affect the structure and clinical appearance of enamel of all or nearly all teeth of primary and permanent dentitions [2,3]. Further, AI is associated with mutations in five genes (AMEL; ENAM; MMP20; KLK4 and FAM83H) giving rise to a wide range of clinical presentations (phenotypes) [4]. The reported global prevalence of AI paints the portrait of a p..... ReadMore

Karimi M*

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000245

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Whitening of the gums often indicates that there is a problem with the health of the mouth. Many conditions can lead to gingival whitening, from Aphthous ulcers to long-term inflammatory disease. This condition may be accompanied by some signs and symptoms. In some rare cases, whitening of the gums can be a sign of oral cancer; hence, there should be a concern of the parents to see a pediatric dentist for a correct diagnosis...... ReadMore

Stoufi DE*, Georgaki M, Tsouri I and Nikitakis NG

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000244

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Self-Injurious Behaviour (SIB) is a deliberate harm that may lead to factitial injuries in various parts of the body including the oral mucosa. It may present with a confusing clinical appearance leading to misdiagnosis as a variety of oral diseases [1]. A case series is presented here outlining 2 cases of self-induced oral mucosal injury, which presented initially with extensive oral ulcers. These cases were investigated to rule out systemic or local causes, in order to establish an accurate diagnosis. A multidisciplinary approach to treating these conditions, which may be associated with several medical conditions, is necessary, necessitating the engagement of patients, parents and medical and dental teams [2]. Oral self-injuries may sometimes pose one of the more frustrating problems for the diagnostician. The self-injury can be premed..... ReadMore

Hakobyan GV* Mkrtchyan NM, Hovhannisyan AR, Asatryan AM and Khachatrayn GA

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000243

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Necrotizing fasciitis is a potentially life-threatening soft tissue infection, characterized by necrosis of the fascia, subcutaneous tissue, adipose tissue and can be fatal [1]. In the case of necrotizing fasciitis, the mortality rate is 15-40%. It occurs in all age groups, but the majority of patients are under 40 years of age, there is no difference between genders or race. Because it is rare in children (prevalence 0.02%), it is often misdiagnosed as cellulite, which delays the correct diagnosis and increases the risk of fulminant course and the risk of high mortality [2]. In 1871, U.S. army surgeon named Joseph Jones first described the disease during the Civil War. He called it “hospital gangrene”, in 1924, Melanie studied 20 cases of “streptococcal gangrene”. He was the one to note that subcutaneous necrosis is the hallmark ..... ReadMore

Sayan Bhattacharyya* and Satarupa Ghosal Bhattacharyya

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000242

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Many bacterial, viral and parasitic infections can be transmitted congenitally. They can lead to congenital infection in the newborn in utero, producing many clinical features involving the teeth, lips and mouth cavity. These features are seen along with other systemic involvements. These have to be studied well for proper management. Unfortunately, no comprehensive literature is there to review such infections. We hence try here to collect and present existing information about it. Materials and Methods We reviewed literature available in books and journals across internet to prepare the review article. Congenital Rubella syndrome This infection was very commonly reported once upon a time and still not very rare. Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) has a quite low rate of occurrence now. It has been expected to reduce to 1 case per 100000 ..... ReadMore

Vijai S*, Krishnakumar R, Joby Peter, Anaswara MS, Beena MS and Asmabi E

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000241

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The Covid -19 pandemic has brought many unprecedented challenges in the professional lives of all health care professionals [1]. According to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), dental health care personnel (DHCP) are placed in very high exposure risk category as dentists work in close proximity to the patient’s oral cavity .Also, dental procedures involve the use of rotary instruments such as handpieces and scalers, which generate aerosols [2]. The size of the dental aerosol particles is less than 50 µm. The smaller particles of an aerosol (0.5 to 10 μm in diameter) have the potential to penetrate and lodge in the smaller passages of the lungs and are thought to carry infectious organism. The problem raised with respect to COVID-19, is related to the easy spread of viral agents in the air during dental procedures. A..... ReadMore

Mohammad Karimi, DMD, BS*

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000240

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The results of epidemiological studies of industrialized countries in Europe and North America in recent decades show a rapid decline in tooth decay in children and youth of these countries [1-3]. On the other hand, based on clinical, experimental, and epidemiological research, there is a general agreement that the prevalence of dental caries in children and young people in developing countries is increasing significantly. Also, regarding the reasons for reducing caries in industrialized countries, it has been identified that the implementation of primary prevention programs at the community level, including nutrition control, has played a major role in reducing dental caries in children. Diet is one of the effective factors on teeth and sugars such as sucrose is the most important nutritional factors and are effective in causing tooth de..... ReadMore

Mohamed Elarbi*

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000239

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In the past few decade, the facial injuries in children witnessed an exponential growth due to variable reasons. Here we present the incidence of facial injury in different demographic areas of world like Libya & India. Facial trauma in children brings up a challenge for treatment as well as aesthetic rehabilitation. It has a devastating effect on patient and to their families as well. Children are commonly affected by facial injuries due to higher cranial mass to body ratio which is 8:1 [1-3]. The less mineralized bone, flexible bone suture lines, lack of pneumatization of paranasal sinuses, presence of unerupted teeth leads to green stick fracture in children who encounter the trauma. Moreover, the prominence of buccal fat pad which disperse the momentum of force to wider regions, hence in children it demands higher force to fracture th..... ReadMore

Lawrence Kotlow DDS*

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000238

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In 1972 I completed my dental school training and the high technology we were learning centered around learning to do sit down dentistry. The science of light energy was in its infancy, we were just beginning to begin using light to set up composite fillings and prosthetic dentistry was the real art for making perfect crowns and dentures. Little was taught about how the professions of dentistry and medicine would begin a slow journey to work together for our pediatric patients care. During my pediatric residency at the Children’s Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio, I was introduced to the idea that the medical and dental residents could work hand and hand together to help our pediatric patients [1-8]. The Chief Medical and Dental residents would often confer with each other when patients with diabetes, hemophilia, trauma burns, congenital bir..... ReadMore

Gayan Surendra, Irosha Perera*, Manosha Perera, Chandra Herath and Sumith Attanayake

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000237

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Oral health is fundamental to overall health, growth, and wellbeing of children. Nevertheless, early childhood caries (ECC) the infectious, transmissible disease has become the leading chronic childhood disease across the globe affecting 30-50% children in high income countries [1,2] upto 90% in low- and middle-income countries 2 and vulnerable population groups 3. As emerged from the findings of global burden of disease study 2010, untreated caries in primary (milk) teeth was the tenth most prevalent condition affecting 9% of global population [3]. Despite reaching epidemic proportions both in developed and developing countries affecting millions of child populations, this global public health priority [4] remains stagnant due to lack of priority action for its sustainable prevention and control. ECC is defined by the American Associatio..... ReadMore

Waddah Mahmoud Shash*

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000235

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Precancerous lesions of oral mucosa, known as potentially malignant disorders in recent years, are consists of a group of diseases, which should be diagnosed in the early stage. Oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and oral erythroplakia are the most common oral mucosal diseases that have a very high malignant transformation rate. Oral lichen planus is one of the potentially malignant disorders that may be seen in six different subtypes including Papular, reticular, plaque-like, atrophic, erosive, and bullous type, clinically. Atrophic and erosive subtypes have the greater increased malignant transformation risk compared to another subtypes. Although there are various etiological studies, the etiology of almost all these diseases is not fully understood. Geographically, etiologic factors may vary. The most frequently reported possib..... ReadMore

Sukhbir Singh Chopra*, Rajat Mitra, Nanda Kishore Sahoo and Ashish Kamboj

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000234

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Aims: The aim of the present study is to compare the measurement of gonial angles and vertical ramal length (both right and left) from OPG with the gonial angle and vertical ramal length measured from lateral cephalograms in a mixed Indian Population with Class I, II & III malocclusion. Settings and Design: The retrospective cross-sectional diagnostic study was conducted after obtaining due approval from the institutional ethical committee. Methods and Material: Gonial angle and ramal length was measured from 57 OPG and lateral cephalogram of orthodontic patients (26 females and 31 males). The patients were a heterogeneous group comprising of individuals from pan India. Statistical analysis used: The analyses of descriptive statistics, reliability, analysis of variance and correlation was conducted with SPSS 20.0, IBM. The means based on ..... ReadMore

Gabriela Elizabeth Gómez Cárdenas, Cristóbal Landa Román* and Francisco Javier Gómez Pamatz

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000233

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First described in 1960 by pathologist Robert Gorlin and dermatologist Robert W Goltz of the University of Minnesota, USA, they provided the basis for the diagnosis of the syndrome, establishing basal cell carcinomas, keratocysts, and skeletal malformations as the primary criteria for the syndrome. Subsequently, authors such as Evans, Kimonis, and Bree established major and minor criteria for the correct diagnosis. According to the International Classification of Applied Diseases in Dentistry and Stomatology (ICD-AO), Gorlin Goltz Syndrome is classified within congenital anomalies and other hamartomatosis. It is caused by a mutation in chromosome 9q22.3 in the tumor suppressor Patched 1. This work presents the clinical case of a 10-year-old female patient with a 13x15cm volume increase in the maseter..... ReadMore

Pereira Karine Barbosa*

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000232

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Occlusion can be defined as the set of functional and dynamic relationships between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth and all structures of the stomatognathic system...... ReadMore

Satarupa Ghosal Bhattacharyya and Sayan Bhattacharyya*

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000231

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Oral lesions , also sometimes called enanthems, can be seen in many viral infections. They are typical of some viral infections in most cases but can also be non-specific. Proper clinical suspicion and Laboratory tests can clinch the diagnosis of such infections...... ReadMore

Couto Thaynara, Steil Vitória Maria, Dallanora Andressa Franceschi, De Dea Eliza Bruna, Garrastazu, Marta, Dallanora Léa Maria Franceschi*, Rafaela Sofia Kandler and Elvis Ribeiro Junior

DOI : 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2021.06.000230

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Down syndrome (DS) or chromosome 21 trisomy is a genetically provided human condition, it is a more common chromosomal alteration in humans. The presence of the extra chromosome in the genetic makeup determines specific physical characteristics in the oral cavity, such as orofacial muscle hypotonia and lingual protrusion. The aim of this paper is to describe the clinical case of M.S patient, 11 months old, with Down syndrome, admitted to the children’s clinic of UNOESC, accompanied by her mother. In the clinical dental examination, the patient presents with Atresic palate, hypotonia and lingual protrusion, in addition to insufficient lip sealing, with indication for the use of the palatal memory plate (PPM) or Castillo Morales, a device indicated for those associated with functional diagnosis of hypotonia, with lingual protrusion, labi..... ReadMore