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Research ArticleView abstract PDF Full textThyroid cancer represents the most common endocrine cancer which accounts for more than 3.5% of all cancer cases worldwide [1]. As per Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) statistics for the year 2020, thyroid cancer was the ninth most common cancer overall and was reported in 586,000 cases globally [2]. The rate of thyroid malignancies is three times higher in females [3]. Papillary carcinoma is the most common histological type followed by follicular, medullary and anaplastic carcinoma [4]. A particular cause of concern is the continuous rise in the incidence of thyroid malignancies in the past few decades, more so in high and middle-income countries [5]...... ReadMore
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Review ArticleView abstract PDF Full textIn recent years, the relationship between the normal tonotopy of the cochlea and the distribution of bands in the frequency range of the cochlear implant and the possibility of tonotopic fitting are discussed. Tonotopic fitting is reducing the discrepancy between tonotopy and the frequency range of the cochlear implant. There are indications that, with the best match, speech intelligibility is higher [1,2]. After the complete insertion of any electrode chain, the electrodes fall into places with a characteristic frequency determined by the cochlear duct length (CDL) and the electrode chain. In 1998, we wrote that in the vast majority of cases, the frequency bands of the implant do not coincide in their location with the frequency bands of the normal cochlea in accordance with its tonotopic organization [3]. In this paper, the possibility ..... ReadMore
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Research ArticleView abstract PDF Full textThe eardrum is said to be perforated when the tympanic membrane ruptures, creating communication between the outer and middle ear. Histologically, the tympanic membrane comprises 3 layers of tissue in its lower portion, called the pars tense, and 2 layers in its upper portion, called the pars flaccid a, making the latter a fragile zone, often the site of perforations, particularly infectious ones. The tympanic membrane plays a key role in hearing [1,2,3]. The pathogenesis of traumatic tympanic perforation is not fully understood and, if left untreated, can lead to hearing loss or permanent tympanic perforation. Traumatic tympanic perforations occur most frequently as a result of slapping, the most common type of injury reported in the literature (72.9%), with a few rare singular cases (5.2%). Depending on an etiology, extent and duration ..... ReadMore
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Image ArticleView abstract PDF Full textA 14-year-old patient with no particular pathological history consulted for a left nasal obstruction that had been progressively worsening for 2 years. The patient also complained of left purulent rhinorrhea associated with homolateral epistaxis. ENT examination revealed: 1. a friable endonasal mass obstructing the left nasal cavity. 2. homolateral purulent rhinorrhea. 3. left suborbital oedema. The lymph nodes were free. A CT scan of the sinuses revealed a mucoid filling with macrocalcifications in the left maxillary and sphenoidal sinuses (Figure 1). Immune response was normal. Biopsy of the endonasal mass showed an inflammatory polyp. The patient underwent endoscopic surgery. Endoscopy of the left nasal cavity revealed polyps which, after removal, revealed an accumulation and dense conglomeration of fungal hyphae in the left maxillary,..... ReadMore
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Research ArticleView abstract PDF Full textFacial nerve is the cranial nerve which travels the longest distance in bone canal. Because of this special anatomical feature, it is the most vulnerable cranial nerve in skull base fracture [1-3]. It is known that most nerve fibres in the trunk of peripheral nerve constantly move from one nerve bundle to another, interlacing with each other, so that the size, number and location of nerve bundles are constantly changing. The degree of interlacement between nerve fibers is also related to the functional properties of nerve fibres. There are more fibres interlaced between the bundles of the motor never [4-7]...... ReadMore
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Case ReportView abstract PDF Full textPleomorphic adenoma (PA) is a tumor that develops in the main and accessory salivary glands. It accounts for 70% of salivary gland tumors, 65% of which are located in the parotid gland [1]. Histologically, it is a combination of epithelioid growth and connective tissue-like growth. Extra-parotid locations of AP are dominated by the palate, followed by the upper lip and oral mucosa [2]...... ReadMore
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Research ArticleView abstract PDF Full textOn the battlefield, severe trauma can occw· anywhere at any time, with the mam causes of death being bleeding (50%) and nerve trauma (36%), while the rest are devastating multiple injuries. Uncontrollable bleeding is the main cause of death on the battlefield, and effective control of bleeding can reduce the number of preventable deaths [1,2]. Excessive bleeding can reduce blood circulation in the human body, leading to hypoxia in the brain and other organs. Without effective intervention, uncontrollable hemorrhagic shock or other serious damage can occw·...... ReadMore
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Research ArticleView abstract PDF Full textIngestion of a foreign body (FB) is a common household accident in children. Its incidence cannot be properly estimated be cause many children swallow objects without the ingestion being known [1]. This ingestion most often occurs accidentally during games or meals regardless of the age of the child, with a greater incidence in those aged 6 months to 4 years [2, 3]. The frequency increases from the age of 6 months as soon as manual gripping are possible, with a peak between 6 months and 3 years estimated at 70% [4]...... ReadMore