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Mini Review
June 10, 2021
Nikolaos Karamichalakis*
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000167
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HF and T2D often coexist and the maleficent effects of this coupling prompted the US Food and Drug Administration to set hypoglycaemic drugs clinical trials, designed to rule out cardiovascular harm and promote cardioprotection in the year 2008 [1]. In the line of this strategic motivation, cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) with a novel class of hypoglycaemic drugs, the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, emerged and surprisingly demonstrated positive cardiovascular outcomes, mainly due to a decline in heart failure (HF) risk. The EMPAREG OUTCOME trial with empagliflozin, the CANVAS Program with canagliflozin, the DECLARE-TIMI 58 with dapagliflozin and the most recent VERTIS-CV with ertugliflozin, are the focal point and impel novel heart failure therapy strategies, as no other known CVOT has displayed such benefit on .....
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Review Article
May 07, 2021
Tsabang Nolé* and Tsambang Djeufack Wilfried Lionel
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000165
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The prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is raising worldwide parallel to the increment in the prevalence of obesity and Type2 Diabetes Mellitus. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects about 6% of gestations and manifests after the 24th week of gestation. GDM is associated with motherly and neonatal adverse consequences. These consequences are not known by the populations of neighboring areas of developing areas like Cameroon. Maintaining adequate blood glucose levels in GDM reduces morbidity for both mother and baby. For the first time a research on antidiabetic plants commonly used in Cameroon is done to select amongst them those which can help in the regulation of deficiency in hormones production, in the improvement of uterine and placental abnormalities and glucose teratogenic capability. To achieve this objective a.....
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Short Communication
May 06, 2021
Francisco J F Saavedra*
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000164
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Diabetes is one of the greatest today’s public health problems with enormous social and economic implications for society [1,2]. The implementation and maintenance of physical activity and exercise are critical for blood glucose controlling and general health in individuals with diabetes and prediabetes. Recommendations and precautions vary depending on individual characteristics and health status. Physical activity and exercise recommendations, therefore, should be tailored to meet the specific needs of each individual......
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Review Article
April 19, 2021
Nasser Mikhail*
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000162
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Background: Once weekly (OW) semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) currently under evaluation for treatment of obesity at a dose of 2.4 mg OW.
Objective: To compare weight-loss efficacy and safety of once daily (OD) liraglutide 3.0 mg versus OW semaglutide 2.4 mg.
Methods: Pubmed research up to March 31, 2021. Randomized trials, pertinent animal studies, and reviews are included. Search terms were glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, weight loss, obesity, liraglutide, semaglutide, efficacy, safety.
Results: No head to head trials are available to provide direct comparison of efficacy of OD liraglutide 3.0 mg versus OW semaglutide 2.4 mg. However, marked resemblance between trials in terms of study protocols and subjects’ characteristics may allow indirect.....
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Research Article
April 14, 2021
Santiago Tofé*, Iñaki Argüelles, Guillermo Serra, Mayte Izco and Juan Ramón Urgelés
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000161
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Aims: To evaluate in a real practice setting effectiveness, safety and adherence to weekly subcutaneous semaglutide for weight reduction, along with diet and lifestyle modifications in obese/overweighted patients attending an Obesity Unit.
Materials and Methods: In a retrospective study, 367 patients (mean age 50.25 years, 78.36% female, mean baseline body mass index 32.39 kg/m2) were followed for 10.7 months (median) after initiation of semaglutide. Up to 24.25% of patients were previously on GLP-1 analogue therapy (mostly liraglutide) and 36.26% used background oral medication for weight loss.
Results: At final office visit patients averaged a weight loss of 7.97±3.42 kg (9.13±3.86% baseline body weight) and 88.07% and 30.27% of patients had achieved a≥5% and ≥10% weight loss, respectively, as compared to baseline body weigh.....
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Research Article
March 22, 2021
Adewale M Esan*, Kabo Masisi, Khuong Le, Rotimi E Aluko, Charles O Olaiya and Mohammed H Moghadasian
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000160
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Diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders in both developed and developing countries. The use of phytochemicals and dietary agents have gained popularity in the management of this disease. In this study, aqueous and ethanol extracts from okra fruits produced by conventional plants or plants pre-treated with Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) were tested for anti-diabetic efficacy. These effects were compared with those of glibenclamide in a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model over 6 weeks. Injection of STZ resulted in a full-blown phenotype of diabetes. By 4 weeks of the study, plasma glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides
levels were significantly increased when compared with those in non-diabetic control rats. These changes were associated with significant decreases in body weight and increases in food consumpti.....
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Review Article
March 04, 2021
George C Nikou*, George Evangelou, Vera Nikou and Efrosyni Kitsiou
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000159
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The effects of sulfonylureas on gastrointestinal function in man is not yet quite clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oral administration of glibenclamide on gastrin release in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Twelve non-insulin dependent diabetic patients (six men, six women, median age 57 years, range 46-63 years) were studied. Glibenclamide or placebo were given on different days and in a random order 10 minutes before a standard meal (73.6 g corned beef + 5ml olive oil + 60g bread). Blood samples for the determination of gastrin, glucose and C-peptide in serum, before (-15 and 0 minutes) and 30, 60, 90 , 120 and 180 minutes after the standard meal, were obtained. Initial mean values of gastrin in serum did not differ significantly between the two meals. As expected gastrin levels increas.....
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Research Article
November 17, 2020
Elaine CL WAT, Johnny CM KOON, Clara BS LAU, Choly TM YAN, Wai-Lun KWONG, Ping CHOOK1, William KF CHENG and Ping-Chung LEUNG*
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000158
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Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MS): Overweight, Obesity, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia and Hypercholesterolemia, are generally accepted today as clinical signals leading to cardiovascular diseases. Control of MS is therefore of a common health concern. While drug treatment is yet not available or may not be creditable, developing an effective health supplement against MS is highly justified.
Methods: A herbal formula composed of four herbs known to have anti MS pathological effects was used for in vivo and in vitro biological researches to verify its pharmacological effect, and subsequent pilot clinical trial.
Results: In vitro study: Adipocyte viability and cholesterol uptake, liver cell viability and anti-glycaemia effects, all gave positive results of good control. In vivo study testing herbal formula’s effects on obese mice also sh.....
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Short Communication
November 13, 2020
Óscar Moreno-Pérez*, Cristina Tejera and Rebeca Reyes-García
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000157
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The clinical management of older people with diabetes requires a comprehensive evaluation and a holistic approach for the individualization of objectives and strategies of treatment. In older people with diabetes, geriatric syndromes, frailty and sarcopenia are considered at present as a third category of chronic complications. These situations are added to traditional microvascular and macrovascular complications, leading to significant disability and increasing the costs. In this context, two clinical scenarios can be considered: the first one, elderly subjects without significant comorbidities and good functional condition, in which an
approach to diabetes similar to that of younger patients must be made. The second scenario, elderly and frail subjects, in which it will be essential a correct identification of these conditions and the.....
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Opinion
November 12, 2020
Rob N M Weijers*
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000156
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A recent study using next-generation RNA sequencing was reported on genome-wide changes in gene expressing in the skin between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, compared to non-diabetic patients. Ex-post review, based in part on both the existence of lipid droplets, peridroplet mitochondria and cytoplasmic mitochondria, selected in the gene metabolism category the most downregulated gene TPD52L3, and in the gene regulation category the most downregulated gene NKX2-1. There is strong evidence that these two genes are involved in the disease process of type 2 diabetes mellitus......
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Review Article
November 05, 2020
Luc Rochette*, Alexandre Meloux, Eve Rigal, Marianne Zeller, Yves Cottin and Catherine Vergely
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000155
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Objective: In addition to its role in energy production and metabolism, mitochondria play a major role in apoptosis, oxidative stress, and calcium homeostasis. This review highlights the intricate role of mitochondria derived peptides (MPs), oxidative stress, and age-related disease such as diabetes.
Key Findings: The mitochondria produce MDPs: specific peptides that mediate transcriptional stress response by its translocation into the nucleus and interaction with DNA. MDPs are regulators of metabolism with cytoprotective effects through anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory responses and anti-apoptosis. This class of peptides comprises: humanin (HN), MOTS-c, Small HN-like peptides. HN inhibits mitochondrial complex 1 activity and limits oxidative stress level in the cell. HN has been shown to prevent apoptosis by decreasing the react.....
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Short Communication
October 27, 2020
Joséphine Gehring* , Dalila Azzout-Marniche and Patrick C Even
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000154
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Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hepatokine member of a subfamily of “fibroblast growth factors” that responds to multiple metabolic stresses as protein deficiency [1-4]. FGF21 is produced in various tissues but the FGF21 circulating form is primarily of hepatic origin [1,2]. FGF21 affects numerous metabolic and
behavioural parameters, and in particular, increases appetite for protein in subjects fed a protein-deprived diets [5,6]. In a recent still unpublished study, we observed that plasma FGF21 levels were higher in adult male Wistar rats fed a standard diet, formulated according the AIN93 recommendations for rats’ feed, containing
15% protein by energy [7] than in rats fed a 30% protein diet. In addition, inter-individual variability of plasma FGF21 levels was larger in rats fed the standard 15% protein diet than in ra.....
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Short Communication
September 28, 2020
Gundu H R Rao*
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000152
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SARS-CoV-2 virus has created an unprecedented public health and global economic crisis. Despite the fact, that this virus was discovered half a century ago, earlier version of this RNA virus (SARS-CoV) was less virulent than the 2019 version of the virus (CoV-2), which turned out to be the most potent killer virus. According to
the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) Coronavirus Resources Center (coronavirus.jhu.edu), globally there are 28 million Covid-19 infected individuals and 900,000 deaths. In the USA, we have over 6.4 million infected individuals and 192,000 confirmed covidrelated deaths. The response from the public health perspective is important, to prevent further escalation of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Having said that, it is important to note, that each country has responded differently. Vietnam, and Taiwan have done well in keepi.....
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Research Article
September 25, 2020
KC Bhuyan*
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000151
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The analytical results presented here were based on data collected from 960 adults of ages 18 years and above residing in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. The data were collected by some doctors and nurses from and nearby their working places according to quota sampling plan. The objective of the study was to investigate the impacts of different socioeconomic variables on simultaneous sufferings of adults from diabetes and high blood pressure and to identify the most responsible variables for this suffering. The analysis indicated that 5.4 percent adults were simultaneously suffering from both diabetes and elevated blood pressure. The most responsible variable for the diseases was occupation followed by gender variation, income and expenditure. The results of risk ratio and factor analysis indicated that the females and physicall.....
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Case Report
September 02, 2020
Ahed J Alkhatib*
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.02.000150
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Diabetes type 2 represents a global health problem, and it is expected to influence approximately 530 million people by 2030. Usually, diabetes type 2 is developed through more than one stage. Prediabetes is a preliminary stage of diabetes before developing full episodes of diabetes.Diabetes type 2 can be preventable following appropriate lifestyles. The main objective of this study is to describe a case with liver cirrhosis and the patient was recommended for liver transplantation. Following reviewing of his profile, it was apparent that the patient had prediabetes (glucose level was 126mg/dl). The patient was recommended to use tadalafil 5 mg
daily to offer improvement of liver function based on previous experience. Glucose level was daily measured. It was interestingly found that glucose levels were restored to normal levels between 8.....
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Review Article
August 05, 2020
Nasser Mikhail MD*
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.02.000149
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Background: The 2 drug classes of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are approved for type 2 diabetes, but their concomitant use was not sufficiently studied.Aim: To assess the safety and efficacy of the combination of GLP-1RAs and SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes.
Methods: Systematic review of English literature by search of electronic databases: Pub/MEDLINE from 2000 until July 2, 2020. Search terms included GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, combination therapy, add-on therapy, type 2 diabetes, efficacy, safety. Randomized trials were included with more focus on double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Post-hoc analysis and consensus guidelines are also reviewed......
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Review Article
July 10, 2020
Nasser Mikhail MD* and Soma Wali MD
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.02.000148
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Background: Diabetes disproportionably impacts minorities in the USA.
Objective: To review the latest data regarding diabetes epidemiology and management among different ethnic groups in the
USA.
Methods: PubMed research of all pertinent articles up to June 29, 2020. Search terms included diabetes, ethnicity, African Americans, Blacks, Hispanics, Latinos, Asians, minorities, glycemic control, obesity, lifestyle changes, treatment, metformin, sodiumglucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. Type of studies included are randomized, observational, epidemiological, consensus guidelines, and review articles.
Results: Diabetes prevalence and incidence in adults continue to increase among African Americans and Hispanics. In youths, the fastest increase in type 1 and type 2 diabetes occurs among Asians/Pacific Islanders followed by Hispanics and Af.....
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Research Article
June 10, 2020
David Oliver Tébar*
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.02.000147
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Background and objective: The dislipidemia are one of the main factors of risk of cardiovascular illness in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and factors of risk associated to the dislipidemia in the population with DM2 of the Community of Castile-La Mancha.
Material and methods: It are a longitudinal study made in centers of Attention Primaria of the Service of Health of CastillaLa Mancha (n=70). It selected a representative sample of the population with DM2 of 18 to 85 years by means of a procedure polyetapic. They obtained the clinical history and by means of interview the data of the factors of risk to study. It analyzed the association with the dislipidemia by means of linear regression.
Results: 52.1% were men, the half age was of 69-84 years, the evolution of the dia.....
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Research Article
February 11, 2020
Magnus Michael Chukwudike Anyakudo*
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.02.000146
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High cost of conventional diabetic wound management is of public interest due to their social and economic burden on the individuals and care givers. This experimentally-controlled designed study compared the wound healing potentials of natural products: Honey, Olive oil, Pawpaw fruit (unripe mesocarp) extract (PFE) and Iodine (positive control) in diabetic rats. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats categorized into four groups (n = 7, each) weighing between 150 - 200g were used for this study which lasted four weeks. A full thickness excision wound of circular area 300 mm2 and 2 mm in-depth was inflicted on all rats after light anesthesia with i.v. ketamine (90mg/kg b.w.). Aliquot portions of Olive oil, Honey, Iodine and PFE were topically applied to the opened wounds twice a day. Wound areas were measured on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 using a tr.....
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Review Article
January 31, 2020
Evangeline P Costelo, Gerry H Tan*, Lisa Marie Saldanha and Karen Wai
DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.02.000145
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Objective: The primary objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of pediatric type 2 diabetes mellitus among patients of Filipino physicians.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey conducted from January to March 2014 among physician-members of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists-Philippine Chapter, Diabetes Philippines, Philippine Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Philippine Society of Pediatric Metabolism & Endocrinology.
Results: The prevalence of pediatric type 2 diabetes mellitus among patients of respondents was 0.091% with all patients aged 10 to 18 years old. More than half were symptomatic and most of them were managed by adult endocrinologist and adult diabetologist. There were 73.8% of patients who were initially managed with Metformin and about 56.55% who were c.....
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