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Oleksandr Karmash*, Mariana Liuta, Nataliia Yefimenko and Nataliia Sybirna

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2022.03.000174

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Background: Impairing in leukocytes function is the main reason of greater susceptibility to infections observed in patients with diabetes mellitus. The distinctive feature of diabetes is dysregulation in glucose distribution in different tissues and cells in organism. There are evidence that downregulation of glucose transport and lack of energy in leukocytes may contribute to the detriment of their functions. We investigated possible positive effects of photobiomodulation therapy on energy supply and functional activity of leukocytes from rats with experimental diabetes mellitus. Methods: The experiments were conducted using male Wistar rats. Fractioning of blood leukocytes was performed in gradient of ficollsodium amidotrizoate density. Energy supply of leukocytes was evaluated using 2-NBDG (2-deoxy-2-((7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol4-yl..... ReadMore

SK Prasad*

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000171

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Diabesity and obesity term was coined by- Ziv& Shafrir. WHO called it a 21st century pandemic. Obesity is a Chronic disorder of excessive body fat when BMI >=30kg/m2Prevalence- 15% to30% in Europe in adults. BMI- independent of body height &correlates well with body fat mass. 2/3rd of women – obese at diagnosis of T2DM.EPIC Post dam cohort study- weight gain of 1 BMI unit increases risk of T2DM by 25%(25-40 yrs.). Over nutrition & hyperglycemia in pregnancy-foetal hyper insulinemia, hyper leptinemia– persistent malfunctioning of hypothalamic centres controlling energy homoeostasis & metabolism– lifetime risk for obesity and T2 DM...... ReadMore

Veshesh Patel*

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000170

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Individuals that have underwent cardiac surgery or heart valve replacement are at increased risk for developing infective endocarditis (IE). IE has numerous signs and symptoms as well as complications. However, an interesting and unique presentation of IE can be in an individual showing a complete heart block on EKG. A heart block from an IE will typically present with a cardiac abscess on transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) and coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). This individual, with a past medical history of transcatheter aortic valve replacement in 2011, was found to have Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia and endocarditis. Soon after discovery of the infection, CTA of the coronaries showed a 7.6 x 4.6 x 2.5 cm loculated pericardial collection consistent of a cardiac abscess. Despite the initiation of antibiotic therapy, th..... ReadMore

Nahla Ahmed Mohamed Abdurahman, Mohamed Ibrahim Asadalla Murad, Mohamed Abbas Ahmed Khalafallah, Mildred Francis Amule, Mohamed Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed and Nassreldeen Khalid Abdurahman Adam

DOI : ADO.2021.03.000169

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Gestational diabetes (GD)is the most prevalent metabolic condition associated with pregnancy, and it has a number of negative consequences for both the mother and the child. It’s also one of the easiest diseases to manage throughout pregnancy. A variety of risk factors have been identified and confirmed to have a significant relationship with the disease. These risk factors are quite straightforward to detect, and screening people who are at risk might help to reduce the number of problems connected with GD. In the long run, it would be more cost effective for the woman and child, their family, and the community. This study aims to emphasize these risk variables and give an estimate of the number of patients with GD who will be admitted to the hospital. Diagnosing women with GD allows them to be educated, treated, and have a better long..... ReadMore

Nikolaos Karamichalakis*

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000167

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HF and T2D often coexist and the maleficent effects of this coupling prompted the US Food and Drug Administration to set hypoglycaemic drugs clinical trials, designed to rule out cardiovascular harm and promote cardioprotection in the year 2008 [1]. In the line of this strategic motivation, cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) with a novel class of hypoglycaemic drugs, the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, emerged and surprisingly demonstrated positive cardiovascular outcomes, mainly due to a decline in heart failure (HF) risk. The EMPAREG OUTCOME trial with empagliflozin, the CANVAS Program with canagliflozin, the DECLARE-TIMI 58 with dapagliflozin and the most recent VERTIS-CV with ertugliflozin, are the focal point and impel novel heart failure therapy strategies, as no other known CVOT has displayed such benefit on ..... ReadMore

Tsabang Nolé* and Tsambang Djeufack Wilfried Lionel

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000165

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The prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is raising worldwide parallel to the increment in the prevalence of obesity and Type2 Diabetes Mellitus. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects about 6% of gestations and manifests after the 24th week of gestation. GDM is associated with motherly and neonatal adverse consequences. These consequences are not known by the populations of neighboring areas of developing areas like Cameroon. Maintaining adequate blood glucose levels in GDM reduces morbidity for both mother and baby. For the first time a research on antidiabetic plants commonly used in Cameroon is done to select amongst them those which can help in the regulation of deficiency in hormones production, in the improvement of uterine and placental abnormalities and glucose teratogenic capability. To achieve this objective a..... ReadMore

Francisco J F Saavedra*

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000164

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Diabetes is one of the greatest today’s public health problems with enormous social and economic implications for society [1,2]. The implementation and maintenance of physical activity and exercise are critical for blood glucose controlling and general health in individuals with diabetes and prediabetes. Recommendations and precautions vary depending on individual characteristics and health status. Physical activity and exercise recommendations, therefore, should be tailored to meet the specific needs of each individual...... ReadMore

Naranjan S Dhalla*, Paramjit S Tappia and Anureet K Shah

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000163

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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the global incidence of obesity has nearly tripled since 1975; more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight and 650 million of those were obese in 2016. The WHO has defined obesity as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that may impair health [1]. On the other hand, the number of people with diabetes rose from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. Between 2000 and 2016, there was a 5% increase in premature mortality from diabetes and in 2019, an estimated 1.5 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes. Another 2.2 million deaths were attributable to high blood glucose in 2012 [2]. It is without any ambiguity that both these chronic metabolic diseases represent universal major health hazards and are on the ri..... ReadMore

Nasser Mikhail*

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000162

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Background: Once weekly (OW) semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) currently under evaluation for treatment of obesity at a dose of 2.4 mg OW. Objective: To compare weight-loss efficacy and safety of once daily (OD) liraglutide 3.0 mg versus OW semaglutide 2.4 mg. Methods: Pubmed research up to March 31, 2021. Randomized trials, pertinent animal studies, and reviews are included. Search terms were glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, weight loss, obesity, liraglutide, semaglutide, efficacy, safety. Results: No head to head trials are available to provide direct comparison of efficacy of OD liraglutide 3.0 mg versus OW semaglutide 2.4 mg. However, marked resemblance between trials in terms of study protocols and subjects’ characteristics may allow indirect..... ReadMore

Santiago Tofé*, Iñaki Argüelles, Guillermo Serra, Mayte Izco and Juan Ramón Urgelés

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000161

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Aims: To evaluate in a real practice setting effectiveness, safety and adherence to weekly subcutaneous semaglutide for weight reduction, along with diet and lifestyle modifications in obese/overweighted patients attending an Obesity Unit. Materials and Methods: In a retrospective study, 367 patients (mean age 50.25 years, 78.36% female, mean baseline body mass index 32.39 kg/m2) were followed for 10.7 months (median) after initiation of semaglutide. Up to 24.25% of patients were previously on GLP-1 analogue therapy (mostly liraglutide) and 36.26% used background oral medication for weight loss. Results: At final office visit patients averaged a weight loss of 7.97±3.42 kg (9.13±3.86% baseline body weight) and 88.07% and 30.27% of patients had achieved a≥5% and ≥10% weight loss, respectively, as compared to baseline body weigh..... ReadMore

Adewale M Esan*, Kabo Masisi, Khuong Le, Rotimi E Aluko, Charles O Olaiya and Mohammed H Moghadasian

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000160

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Diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders in both developed and developing countries. The use of phytochemicals and dietary agents have gained popularity in the management of this disease. In this study, aqueous and ethanol extracts from okra fruits produced by conventional plants or plants pre-treated with Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) were tested for anti-diabetic efficacy. These effects were compared with those of glibenclamide in a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model over 6 weeks. Injection of STZ resulted in a full-blown phenotype of diabetes. By 4 weeks of the study, plasma glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides levels were significantly increased when compared with those in non-diabetic control rats. These changes were associated with significant decreases in body weight and increases in food consumpti..... ReadMore

George C Nikou*, George Evangelou, Vera Nikou and Efrosyni Kitsiou

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2021.03.000159

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The effects of sulfonylureas on gastrointestinal function in man is not yet quite clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oral administration of glibenclamide on gastrin release in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Twelve non-insulin dependent diabetic patients (six men, six women, median age 57 years, range 46-63 years) were studied. Glibenclamide or placebo were given on different days and in a random order 10 minutes before a standard meal (73.6 g corned beef + 5ml olive oil + 60g bread). Blood samples for the determination of gastrin, glucose and C-peptide in serum, before (-15 and 0 minutes) and 30, 60, 90 , 120 and 180 minutes after the standard meal, were obtained. Initial mean values of gastrin in serum did not differ significantly between the two meals. As expected gastrin levels increas..... ReadMore

Elaine CL WAT, Johnny CM KOON, Clara BS LAU, Choly TM YAN, Wai-Lun KWONG, Ping CHOOK1, William KF CHENG and Ping-Chung LEUNG*

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000158

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Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MS): Overweight, Obesity, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia and Hypercholesterolemia, are generally accepted today as clinical signals leading to cardiovascular diseases. Control of MS is therefore of a common health concern. While drug treatment is yet not available or may not be creditable, developing an effective health supplement against MS is highly justified. Methods: A herbal formula composed of four herbs known to have anti MS pathological effects was used for in vivo and in vitro biological researches to verify its pharmacological effect, and subsequent pilot clinical trial. Results: In vitro study: Adipocyte viability and cholesterol uptake, liver cell viability and anti-glycaemia effects, all gave positive results of good control. In vivo study testing herbal formula’s effects on obese mice also sh..... ReadMore

Óscar Moreno-Pérez*, Cristina Tejera and Rebeca Reyes-García

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000157

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The clinical management of older people with diabetes requires a comprehensive evaluation and a holistic approach for the individualization of objectives and strategies of treatment. In older people with diabetes, geriatric syndromes, frailty and sarcopenia are considered at present as a third category of chronic complications. These situations are added to traditional microvascular and macrovascular complications, leading to significant disability and increasing the costs. In this context, two clinical scenarios can be considered: the first one, elderly subjects without significant comorbidities and good functional condition, in which an approach to diabetes similar to that of younger patients must be made. The second scenario, elderly and frail subjects, in which it will be essential a correct identification of these conditions and the..... ReadMore

Rob N M Weijers*

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000156

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A recent study using next-generation RNA sequencing was reported on genome-wide changes in gene expressing in the skin between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, compared to non-diabetic patients. Ex-post review, based in part on both the existence of lipid droplets, peridroplet mitochondria and cytoplasmic mitochondria, selected in the gene metabolism category the most downregulated gene TPD52L3, and in the gene regulation category the most downregulated gene NKX2-1. There is strong evidence that these two genes are involved in the disease process of type 2 diabetes mellitus...... ReadMore

Luc Rochette*, Alexandre Meloux, Eve Rigal, Marianne Zeller, Yves Cottin and Catherine Vergely

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000155

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Objective: In addition to its role in energy production and metabolism, mitochondria play a major role in apoptosis, oxidative stress, and calcium homeostasis. This review highlights the intricate role of mitochondria derived peptides (MPs), oxidative stress, and age-related disease such as diabetes. Key Findings: The mitochondria produce MDPs: specific peptides that mediate transcriptional stress response by its translocation into the nucleus and interaction with DNA. MDPs are regulators of metabolism with cytoprotective effects through anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory responses and anti-apoptosis. This class of peptides comprises: humanin (HN), MOTS-c, Small HN-like peptides. HN inhibits mitochondrial complex 1 activity and limits oxidative stress level in the cell. HN has been shown to prevent apoptosis by decreasing the react..... ReadMore

Joséphine Gehring* , Dalila Azzout-Marniche and Patrick C Even

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000154

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Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hepatokine member of a subfamily of “fibroblast growth factors” that responds to multiple metabolic stresses as protein deficiency [1-4]. FGF21 is produced in various tissues but the FGF21 circulating form is primarily of hepatic origin [1,2]. FGF21 affects numerous metabolic and behavioural parameters, and in particular, increases appetite for protein in subjects fed a protein-deprived diets [5,6]. In a recent still unpublished study, we observed that plasma FGF21 levels were higher in adult male Wistar rats fed a standard diet, formulated according the AIN93 recommendations for rats’ feed, containing 15% protein by energy [7] than in rats fed a 30% protein diet. In addition, inter-individual variability of plasma FGF21 levels was larger in rats fed the standard 15% protein diet than in ra..... ReadMore

Gundu H R Rao*

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000152

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SARS-CoV-2 virus has created an unprecedented public health and global economic crisis. Despite the fact, that this virus was discovered half a century ago, earlier version of this RNA virus (SARS-CoV) was less virulent than the 2019 version of the virus (CoV-2), which turned out to be the most potent killer virus. According to the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) Coronavirus Resources Center (coronavirus.jhu.edu), globally there are 28 million Covid-19 infected individuals and 900,000 deaths. In the USA, we have over 6.4 million infected individuals and 192,000 confirmed covidrelated deaths. The response from the public health perspective is important, to prevent further escalation of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Having said that, it is important to note, that each country has responded differently. Vietnam, and Taiwan have done well in keepi..... ReadMore

KC Bhuyan*

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.03.000151

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The analytical results presented here were based on data collected from 960 adults of ages 18 years and above residing in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. The data were collected by some doctors and nurses from and nearby their working places according to quota sampling plan. The objective of the study was to investigate the impacts of different socioeconomic variables on simultaneous sufferings of adults from diabetes and high blood pressure and to identify the most responsible variables for this suffering. The analysis indicated that 5.4 percent adults were simultaneously suffering from both diabetes and elevated blood pressure. The most responsible variable for the diseases was occupation followed by gender variation, income and expenditure. The results of risk ratio and factor analysis indicated that the females and physicall..... ReadMore

Ahed J Alkhatib*

DOI : 10.32474/ADO.2020.02.000150

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Diabetes type 2 represents a global health problem, and it is expected to influence approximately 530 million people by 2030. Usually, diabetes type 2 is developed through more than one stage. Prediabetes is a preliminary stage of diabetes before developing full episodes of diabetes.Diabetes type 2 can be preventable following appropriate lifestyles. The main objective of this study is to describe a case with liver cirrhosis and the patient was recommended for liver transplantation. Following reviewing of his profile, it was apparent that the patient had prediabetes (glucose level was 126mg/dl). The patient was recommended to use tadalafil 5 mg daily to offer improvement of liver function based on previous experience. Glucose level was daily measured. It was interestingly found that glucose levels were restored to normal levels between 8..... ReadMore