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Shyam Sundar Nandi, Ilina Bhattacharya, Upendra Lambe, Sonali Sawant, Trupti Gohil, Tejabhiram Yadavalli, and Deepak Shukla*

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2021.03.000161

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Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel enveloped, positive sense, single stranded RNA virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) started originally in Wuhan, China. By March 2020, the disease was declared a global pandemic as the virus spread to all major countries in the world. Initially, it was believed that the virus was transmitted through inhalation of respiratory droplets from an infected person. But given the exponential increase in the number of infected people, more modes of transmission were explored. While all possible routes of transmission of this virus are still undetermined many studies implicate the eyes as the initial site of infection and conjunctivitis as an early symptom of COVID-19.....ReadMore

Saker Saker*

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2021.03.000159

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Several pharmacologic agents are now available for the treatment of DMO including anti-VEGF agents [1-6] and corticosteroids [1-11]. The introduction and frequency of these treatments has coincided with the introduction of less invasive investigating and monitoring systems including OCT [12-17] and fundus related perimetry, also known as microperimetry (MP) [18, 23]. OCT is now well established in the evaluation of DMO, especially with the recent advances with spectral domain models [1-27]. It has contributed significantly to our understanding of the anatomical changes of DMO and the intra-retinal damage and provides a valuable tool for the follow-up of macular oedema [14]. Carpineto, et al. [22] studied the role of MP in evaluating fixation patterns and retinal sensitivity in patients who had clinically significant macular oedema with a .....ReadMore

Maslow Elizabeth A, Spertus Chloe B, Roberts Christine C, Zipkin Robert E and Maslow Joel N*

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2021.03.000157

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Non-infectious, autoimmune anterior uveitis is a significant cause of ocular disease in both dogs, horses, and humans with the potential for significant vision loss. The mainstay of treatment is topical and/or systemic corticosteroids, however, animals, similar to humans, are not uncommonly resistant to therapy. Additionally, prolonged corticosteroid treatment may cause systemic and ocular toxicity. We describe here a case of steroid-resistant uveitis successfully treated with GLS-1027, an immunomodulatory compound that inhibits Th17 maturation and release of multiple inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of uveitis. GLS-1027 may provide an alternative as a steroid-sparing therapeutic option......ReadMore

Petro Kosobutskyy*

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2020.03.000156

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In the work, based on the analysis of heat and gas with acoustic phonons by fullerene, the physical criterion Cauchy is the kind of thermal strength before spring strain, which is caused by the nanotube fullerene......ReadMore

Powell S MB, Irnaten M and O Brien CJ MD*

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2020.03.000155

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Glaucoma is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. It is a multifactorial, progressive, chronic optic neuropathy that is characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and optic nerve head (ONH) cupping including extra cellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and fibrosis at the lamina cribrosa (LC). Clinically this results in chronic, progressive peripheral visual field loss......ReadMore

Sandra Abeijón Martínez

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2020.03.000154

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Congenital achromatopsia is a hereditary form of day blindness caused by cone photoreceptor dysfunction, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 30,000. This inherited disorder is characterized by a lack of color discrimination, nystagmus, photophobia, and low visual acuity (< 0.2). The most typical genetic mutations are autosomal recessive changes in CNGA3, CNGB3, GNAT2, PDE6H, PDE6C, or ATF6. It should not be confused with cerebral achromatopsia, which is an acquired form of total color blindness that can result from illness, trauma, or some other cause. Color plays an essential role in our lives. It can change actions, influence thinking, and cause reactions. As a powerful type of communication, color is irreplaceable. Green means “go” and red means “stop”. Traffic lights send this global meaning. Color vision deficiency, creat.....ReadMore

Sara A Elbadi, Walid M Gaafar, Mohamed S Elwan, Asaad A Ghanem*

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2020.03.000153

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Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal Ranibizumab 0.5mg in the treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion.Patients & Methods: This was a prospective interventional analytical study included 39 eyes of 39 patients with retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic examination included assessment of visual acuity, measurement of intraocular pressure, and fundus examination. All patients were scanned using Swept source optical coherence tomography (3D DRI OCT Triton [plus], Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) to assess central macular thickness. The changes of visual acuity, IOP, and central macular thickness were assessed. Data were analyzed via Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Wilcoxon signed rank......ReadMore

Raju kaiti*, Ranjila Shyangbo, Shruti Singh and Chanda Pandey

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2020.03.000152

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Visual impairment (VI) is a condition of reduced visual performance that cannot be remedied by refractive correction (spectacles or contact lenses), surgery or medical methods. Visual Impairment is a broader term that encompasses both Low vision and Blindness......ReadMore

Pratyush Dhakal* and Amrita Samanta

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2020.03.000151

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Headache is probably the commonest neurological complaint worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1.7-4% of the adult population of the world have headaches on 15 or more days every month. Sometimes these symptoms are misunderstood and confused with Migraine Attacks or with normal tension headaches. It is also one of the commonest problems because of which people come for a glass/eye check-up......ReadMore

Mina Abdelmseih*

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2019.02.000143

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A case of severe acute corneal hydrops with keratoconus associated with Down syndrome described in a 16-year-old male patient presented with a sudden unilateral painful visual loss in his left eye. The anterior segment of his left eye showed a severe diffuse edematous ectasia of acute corneal hydrops. Eye rubbing of his left eye was observed. Continued gradual improvement in his visual acuity and a central corneal scar were detected......ReadMore

Gurbax Singh*

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2019.02.000142

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Purpose: To report Yag laser clot blast therapy for central retinal venous occlusion. Methods & Materials: Prospective study of 10 patients. Best visual acuity was finger counting at 1 meter in all the cases, which were subjected to the treatment. The cases were followed up for 2-4 years (2.5 years).Results: In 10 cases visual acuity improved to 0.4 (20/50) in 1st week treatment. The best final visual acuity improvement was 20/30 in 8 and 20/40 in 2 cases.Conclusions: Early Yag laser clot blast therapy is useful for rapid improvement of the visual acuity and prevents the complications secondary to central venous occlusion......ReadMore

Bhartendu Shukla*

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2019.02.000141

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In ophthalmology orbit is the main cavity which contains the eyeball and many other structures related to ocular functions. Lacrimal fossa contains the lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal canal contains the nasolacrimal duct whereas the fossa for the lacrimal gland contains the lacrimal gland. There is no difference between lacrimal fossa and fossa for the lacrimal gland. As two different structures had to be described this artificial difference has been made. The optic canal transmits the optic nerve and through supra-orbital notch pass the the supra-orbital nerve and vessels. Cavities are not necessarily hard like bony cavities. There could be soft cavities also which are cystic in nature and usually contain some fluid. Thus, the eyeball itself contains three soft cavities namely anterio.....ReadMore

Cátia Almeida, Andresa Fernandes* and Amelia Fernandes Nunes

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2019.02.000140

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the results of three refractive techniques: Autorefractor (AR), Mohindra Retinoscopy (MR) and Monocular Subjective (MS) and study the differences between the results of Mohindra Retinoscopy and Monocular Subjective test, in subjects with accommodative excess Methods: The refractive measurements were taken with the open field AR (Grand Seiko WAM-5500), themonocular subjective refraction and MR, and measures of accommodative flexibility and Monocular Estimated Method (MEM) were also taken, in 85 right eyes of 85 healthy university students. (22.3±2.4 years). Results: Statistically significant differences were found on the spherical equivalent for the three techniques, with the Friedman tatistical test (N=85; χ_F^2=42.771; p<0.0001). The MR is the technique th.....ReadMore

Mohammed SI Alabshihy, A Abdel Maksoud, Mohammed Elmogy, S Barakat and Farid A Badria*

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2019.02.000139

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Multi-label classification has a great importance in medical data analysis. It means that each sample can associate with more than one class label. Therefore, it represents complex objects by labeling some basic and hidden patterns. The patient may have multiple diseases at one organ, such as the retina, at the same time. The ophthalmological diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and hypertension, can cause blindness if not classified accurately. The physician can diagnose one disease but may omit the other. Therefore, multi-label classification is essential to handle this situation, which is challengeable by nature. It has many problems, such as high dimensionality and labels dependency. In addition, the retinal image is very difficult to be analyzed as some contents of it has the same features of the diseases. It suffers from the c.....ReadMore

Alba Linero Carmen*, Rocha de Lossada Carlos, Rodríguez Calvo de Mora Marina, De las Rivas Ramírez Nieves, Espejo de los Riscos and Alba Emilio

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2019.02.000138

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Our purpose is to describe the appearance of a new origin of Cornea Verticillata through a clinical case of a 67-years-old female patient with breast cancer who was being treated by Ribociclib and attended the consultation of ophthalmology by halos vision. Exploration was performed by visual acuity, slit lamp examination, fluorescein staining, retinography and corneal topography. We observed cornea verticillata in our patient, she did not need specific treatment and the findings remained stable over time......ReadMore

Wenshuang Xu, Jianqi Xiao, Yongjie Zhang, Yunhai Tu, Xiaofeng Zhang, Xiaoxia Wu, Jinglin Cui, Jing Li, Monica M Jablonski, Weikuan Gu, Yan Jiao* and Hong Chen

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2019.02.000137

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urpose: To compare the effect of endoscopic and external dacryocystorhinostomy (EN and EX-DCR) for treating dacryocystitis in Chinese adult population.Methods: A retrospective, multi-center case series was conducted. A total of 185 eyes out of 167 patients suffered from either chronic or acute dacryocystitis were enrolled in this study. Patients were treated in one of the three regional hospitals from January to December of 2016. The patients were reviewed for demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, and management outcome. The primary surgery success was defined as having an anatomical success without any revision surgery. The final surgery success was defined as having an anatomical success after all surgeries (including repeated surgeries).Results: Enrolled patients included a total of 112 eyes out of 102 patient.....ReadMore

Anurag Narula, Shilpa Singh and Vemparala Rajshekhar*

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2019.02.000136

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Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the success rate of conventional dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), dacryocystorhinostomy with bicanalicular intubation and dacryocystorhinostomy with Mitomycin C(MMC).Methods: A total of 50 patients having epiphora with nasolacrimal duct obstruction attending the eye Outpatients Department (OPD) of Attar Sain Jain Eye Hospital, Govt of NCT of Delhi between 2013 to 2015 were enrolled for the study and were equally randomized into two groups- conventional DCR and DCR with MMC. They were followed over a period of six months for studying improvement subjectively and objectively by syringing, Forced Dye Disappearance Test (FDDT) and Tear Meniscus Height (TMH).Results: On subjective assessment, at the end of 180 days there were 5 (20%) patients with watering.....ReadMore

Francisco Zamorano Martín*, Carlos Rocha de Lossada, Rahul Rachwani, Elisabet Martín González and María García Lorente

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Horner syndrome is a neurological pathology due to a disruption in the oculosympathetic pathway and it is characterized by ptosis, miosis and facial anhidrosis. We present the case of a 47-year-old patient with a history of pharyngeal foreign body who came to the emergency room complaining about ptosis in the left eye, which was not suspected by the preliminary imaging tests and finally was diagnosed as Horner Syndrome. This case highlights the importance of knowing the nerve pathway and the signs and symptoms that may occur depending on the level of the lesion, allowing the correct location of the damage......ReadMore

Narzullayeva Dildora Uktamovna* and Khamraeva Lola Salimovna

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2019.02.000134

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Congenital cataract (CC)is the most common cause of treatable childhood blindness. It is responsible for 5-20% of the cases of blindness worldwide. However, the incidence of visual impairment may be higher in developing countries [1]. The prevalence of childhood cataract varies from 1.2 to 6.0 cases per 10,000 infants. Pediatric cataracts are responsible for more than one million cases of childhood blind- ness in Asia. In developing countries, such as India, 7.4-15.3% of childhood blindness is due to cataracts [2,3]. Therefore timely removal of a cataract with the subsequent fast visual rehabilitation has paramount value for children. The Congenital Cataracts take an important place in structure of blindness and low vision and are one of the main reasons.....ReadMore

Victoria Dimacali*, Spyridon Koronis, Stavrenia Koukoula, Achilleas Rasoglou, Aspasia Adamopoulou, Elissavet Siskou and Miltos Balidis

DOI : 10.32474/TOOAJ.2019.02.000133

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Background: Advances in genomics continue to enable the discovery of gene variants which cause various inherited ophthalmic disorders. Several case reports have shown an association between keratoconus and retinal disease but whether there is a genetic basis for this is still not known. Methods: Clinical case study with Pentacam imaging, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), macular optical coherence tomography (OCT), electrophysiology studies, and genetic analysis. Results: We report three brothers, two of whom have keratoconus and one who was found to have bilateral cone-rod dystrophy. This was supported by color vision and electrophysiology testing, fundus autofluorescence, and macular OCT findings. Genomic data analysis revealed three rare gene variants (MAP3K19, ADGRV1, and PIK3CG) common to the brother with cone-rod dystrophy and one.....ReadMore