Swati N Madhu, Anuradha K Pal and Devarshi U Gajjar*

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Purpose Various types of hydrolytic enzymes, like proteases, lipases and phospholipases are important virulence factors produced by pathogenic fungi. In the present study quantification and characterization of proteases produced by different pathogenic Aspergillus, Fusarium and Dematiaceous species isolated from corneal ulcers was done. Method Seven Aspergillus species, twelve Fusarium species and five Dematiaceous species previously isolated from corneal ulcers were used in the present study. All isolates were grown in Sabarouds Dextrose Broth (SDB) and culture filtrate was obtained after 10 days of growth. Acetone precipitated culture filtrate was used as the source of protease. Characterization of proteases was done by assaying the activity at different pH (6-12), with inhibitors (PMSF, Pepstatin and EDTA) and gelatin zymography. R.....

Ayse Gul Kocak Altintas*

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Capsule contraction syndrome (CCS) is a rare but serious complication after cataract surgery. Several systemic and ocular factors such as Pseudoexfoliation syndrome, uveitis, high myopia, diabetes mellitus, advanced age, trauma, and previous vitreoretinal surgery promote capsular contraction. Surgical factors including small capsulorhexis size, IOL materials and design play an important role to development of CCS and IOL dislocation. Surgical enlargement of the anterior capsule can be performed in severe cases as an initial treatment or when the YAG capsulotomy is ineffective......

Amber Kumar, Priyanka* and Mahesh Maheshwari

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Ocular TB can cause moderate to severe visual impairment in up to 40% of affected eyes. Delay in diagnosis and treatment can result in chronic inflammation and loss of vision. The pathogenesis of ocular tuberculosis is still not clear, whether it result from a direct mycobacterial infection or a hypersensitivity response to mycobacterium tuberculosis. The choroidal nodules likely link from direct hematogenous infection while the vasculitis and choroiditis are probably the result of immune hypersensitivity. Prevalence of tuberculosis as an etiology of uveitis range from 5- 10% in endemic areas. Tuberculous uveitis inevitably leads to blindness if not properly diagnosed and treated. The aim of this paper is to review the presentation, diagnosis and management of tuberculous uveitis and to highlight the recent changes in the tuberculosis gui.....

Anubhav Chauhan*, Mandeep Tomar and Yashwant Singh

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We report a case of a 12-year-old male with hematological, ocular, dermatological, dental and gastrointestinal involvement. To the best of our knowledge and after an extensive internet search, this probably is the first case of subluxation of the natural crystalline lens (NCL) with so many systemic associations described plus the pattern of subluxation itself......

Oğuzhan Gümüştaş*,

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Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease described by vertical supranuclear gaze paralysis, axial rigidity and postural instability involving falls in the early stage of the disease. Imaging studies present brain atrophy in especially midbrain, premotor cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus. There is no bioindicator of the disease although it is clinically identified. PSP is also classified as tauopathy. However, no specific indicator for tau protein could be identified. Hence, imaging findings, especially midbrain atrophy, functions as a biomarker in clinical practice and determination of disease prognosis. It has been shown that midbrain atrophy has a diagnostic value for PSP accompanied with the finding of “hummingbird” or “penguin” encountered by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this case rep.....

Ayse Gul Kocak Altintas*

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Abstract: Traumatic choroidal rupture is a serious complication of blunt ocular trauma with a poor visual prognosis. Patient should be monitored closely for the development of choroidal neovascularization. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are important for prevention of severe visual deterioration. Even there is no consensus in the literature on which treatment choice offers the best anatomic and functional results intra vitreal Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection gives better visual outcomes......

Patrice F Dassonville*

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Demographes and economistes warn about a phenomenon which is currently observed in developed nations the population aging. The analysis of the causes of this disappointing verdict lets think that time could be a misleading demographic parameter......

Mehmet Tayfur, Gamze MADEN*, Şeyma Gülcenur ÖZTURAN, Dilan YILDIZ, Burak ERDEN, Mehmet Egemen KARATAŞ and Mustafa Nuri ELÇİOĞLU

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Temporal arteritis or giant cell arteritis(GCA), is a frequently seen systemic inflammatory vasculitis, affecting elderly people. Early treatment is very important to reduce the risk of future vision loss. In this report, we presented arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION) in a late-diagnosed temporal arteritis. Interestingly, despite late diagnosis prompt improvement was seen and total blindness, the most worrisome complication of temporal arteritis, was prevented with urgent treatment. In this case report, we presented urgent treatment of the patient with AAION who is blind in one eye due to complicated cataract surgery. We reported the importance of prompt treatment and approach to patients who has already diagnosed with temporal arteritis......

Gamze MADEN*

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We aimed to present the patient with the metastasis of Ewing’s sarcoma in orbit because of being seen very rarely. A 16-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic in June 2017 with a complaint of swelling in the right eye for 2 days. In the examination, the best corrected vision acuity (BCVA) was 0,8 for the right eye and 0,9 for the left eye by Snellen. Right periobital edema, proptosis and ptosis were present, and the eye movements were restricted in all directions. There was a chemosis in the right eye in the slit lamp examination and a slight deletion of the nasal borders of the bilateral optic disc in the fundus examination. When the story of the patient was questioned, we learned that he was treated with a diagnosis of Ewing’s sarcoma in the left fibula 1 year ago and was diagnosed as urgent because of a metastatic tumor c.....

Ahmet OZER*

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Pupil is innervated by autonomic nerve system. As a result, its dimension or actions well reflects the autonomic nervous system function. Pupillary autonomic neuropathy is considered an early symptom of the development of systemic autonomic neuropathy. Pupil tests present suitable and easy methods for evaluation of autonomic nervous system function. Most patients with autonomic nervous system disorders show data of sympathetic or parasympathetic deficits in the pupil, and these findings can be detected using a combination of clinical signs, pupillometric and pharmacological tests......

Ahmed Darwish*

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Purpose: To give practical guide lines for the management of neovascular AMD Methods: To evaluate the above-mentioned item based on recently published data. Results: Although many therapeutic modalities have been employed for neovascular AMD treatment, yet anti-VEGFs are still the best line of treatment. Conclusion: Although anti-VEGFs are up till now the best line of treatment for nAMD yet a knowledge of how to use them with or without other modalities is very important to get the best therapeutic results......

Mohamed Salem*

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Refractive errors re-treatment after primary Lasik treatment is known as Lasik enhancement, by exclusion of the causes of residual errors after Lasik treatment of refractive errors, residual errors may even be still a nightmare for not only the patient but also the surgeon. The factors that can cause imperfect refractive outcome after initial treatment by Lasik are variable and depend on the surgeon skills, selection and preparation of the case, and machine adjustment. The surgeon skills improvement is not within the scope of this article as it needs special attention to many points like training, corneal map reading and finally the decision of doing or not. The case selection and preparation are not that far to the previous point, but the tool is.....

Ahmet OZER*

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Purpose: To detect the muscle affected in vertical deviation induced by a single muscle. Material and methods: A table was formed combining the Parks-Bielschowsky and Bajandas tests. Result: Detection of the muscle affected in vertical deviation induced by a single muscle is made possible by means of the table formed in accordance with the principles of the Parks-Bielschowsky and Bajandas tests. Conclusion: If a single muscle is responsible for the deviation, it can be determined using these two tests. However, application of these tests may, on occasions though, cause some confusion. Through the table, it is quite easy for physicians to detect the affected muscle using the directions mentioned in the Table 1......

Hashim Ali Khan*

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Purpose: To compare invasive and non-invasive techniques for measuring tear break-up time (TBUT) in contact lens users. Methodology: Comparison of invasive and non-invasive TBUT was done on a sample of 30 contact lens users (60eyes) ages limit from 15 to 30 years of females at Department of Ophthalmology, Madinah Teaching Hospital (MTH) Faisalabad by applying non probability convenient sampling technique. This descriptive cross sectional study was completed in duration of 6 months from October 2018 to March; 2018. An appropriate informed consent was taken from each participant under study. Video keratograph and Bausch and Lomb keratometer were used to measure non-invasive tear break up time. Flourescein tear break up time was performed by Slit Lamp using flourscein strip. Averages of three readings were recorded of each te.....

Shilpa* and Gargi Khanna

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Vision testing is the phenomenon of detecting the vision problems which are generally undertaken to improve prognosis and disabilities. Apart from visual acuity measurement and refractive error problems, other eye related retinal disorders include diabetic retinopathy, age related muscular degeneration and glaucoma. Retinal imaging plays an important role in the detection of these disorders. Early detection of these disorders can prevent the permanent vision loss in patients. The aim of this research work is to implement a software algorithmic program in the field of ophthalmology for the detection of glaucoma. In the present work, Glaucoma detection is done by cup to disc ratio measurement to locate the damaged optic nerve head. DRIVE database is used to acquire retinal images. Further codes are implemented u.....

Gamze Maden*, Alper Halil Bayat, Selim Bölükbaşı, Akın Çakır, Burak Erden, Mehmet Egemen Karatas and Mustafa Nuri Elçioğlu

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This case is about idiopathic choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) in a 30 year old female patient who presented with visual loss in the right eye for one month. The initial vision acuity (VA) of the patient was 1/10. In the fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the patient, staining and macular leakage consistent with CNV in the peripapillary region were detected. Intravitreal injection of aflibercept was performed on the patient’s eye. At the first month follow-up, the patient’s VA was 10/10......

Patrice F Dassonville*

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The theory of time starts usefully by a prior inventory of the main mistakes that are commonly made, such as the pleonasms, the confusion between events and time, the duration of the present, the use of metaphors, time considered a cause of diseases and aging, time considered a phenomenon instead of a concept......

N Gokarneshan*

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The article highlights some significant research trends in the development in antibacterial textile sutures. Braided polyamide sutures are frequently used in dermatologic surgery for wound closure. However, braided sutures promote bacteria proliferation. In order to prevent wound complications due to this effect, antibacterial sutures should be used. The major focus has been the development of new non-absorbable antibacterial polyamide braided suture. A new coating process has been proposed that leads to obtain suture uniformly covered by antibacterial film enclosing chitosan, which is known for its antibacterial benefit. Silk sutures have been treated with natural fungal pigment in varying concentrations. Also, the influence on the silk suture properties like tenacity, knot strength, friction and ant.....

Priyanka* and Amber Kumar

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Subretinal fluid, a common clinical pathological entity, is seen in a variety of ocular disorders. Though inflammation is associated with the development of subretinal fluid, toxoplasmosis is an unusual causative agent. A 54 year old lady presented with atypical ocular findings of exudative retinal detachment due to toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis was misinterpreted first as sarcoidosis based on HRCT chest picture, later on diagnosed as ocular toxoplasmosis on correlating clinical presentation, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings and serology. Patient was managed with a combination of oral anti Toxoplasma drugs, and oral corticosteroids......

Di Carlo E* and Augustin AJ

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Pachychoroid neovasculopathy is a relatively new retinal disease, characterized by the presence of Type 1 choroidal neovascularization associated with signs of increased choroidal thickening and hyperpermeability. The latter features are distinctive of pachychoroid spectrum disease, which also includes pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. These pathologies share common features, such as choroidal vascular disfunction, abnormalities of the retinal pigment epithelium without showing typical characteristics of age related macular degeneration and, occasionally, choroidal new vessels. Many recent works have tried to analyze the main aspects of pachychoroid neovasculopathy with the aim to better understand the natural course.....