Open Access Journal of Oncology and Medicine

Tayyaba saher* and Muhammad Imran Qadir

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The present study was objected to check the awareness about SARS among scholars of university. The pupil of Bahauddin Zakariya university Multan acted as the subjects for this research. Total of 109 subjects showed consent to be the part of this study. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is considered a deadly animal virus which, perhaps originated from bats and then it was spread to other animals. According to a report, the humans were affected by SARS very firstly in 2002 in Guangdong, china......

Rüdiger Hardeland

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The release of exosomes and ectosomes carrying noncoding RNAs is addressed in the context of cancer, with focus on microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs as well as differences in RNA cargos produced by tumor and nontumor cells. The differential appearance of ncRNAs can be used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Beyond these possibilities, the spreading of pathological and beneficial messages deserves particular attention and will gain future importance. Especially the use of exosomes released by cells that overexpress ncRNAs with antitumor properties appears to be a promising strategy......

Misra Jata Shankar

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Carcinoma cervix is a major health problem faced by Indian women and though its incidence has declined in urban population in recent years but in the rural India where 70% of the people dwell, cervical cancer still remains on top [1]. It is mainly due to illiteracy and ignorance about the factors contributing to the development of cervical cancer......

VK Khanna*

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Increasing the population and off them living styles effect on the surrounding environment leads to changes in climate with time. In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc. Among the agricultural crops maize is also one of the most important food crops. Predictions suggest that worldwide climate change will reduce maize production this will coincide with a substantial increase in demand for maize due to rising populations. However, selection for climate change adaptation cultivar is difficult due to complex genotype by environment interactions. The broader use of traits from alien species and the m.....

VK Khanna*

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The impact of climate change on agriculture will be one of the major deciding factors influencing the future food security of mankind on earth. Agriculture is not only sensitive to climate change but, at the same time, is one of the major drivers for climate change. Understanding the weather changes over a period of time and adjusting the management practices towards achieving better harvest is a challenge to the growth of agricultural sector as a whole. The most imminent climatic changes in recent times is the increase in the atmospheric temperatures due to increased levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), ozone (O 3 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and chloro fluoro carbons (CFCs)......

Bakulesh Khamar*

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Checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in squamous NSCLC with tolerable toxicity profile. They are used as a monotherapy, in combination with chemotherapy or following chemo-radiotherapy as a first line, second line or consolidation therapy. As a first line, Pembrolizumab improves outcome (PFS) as a monotherapy in patients with PD-L1 expression of ≥ 50% (HR; 0.35). When used with chemotherapy, it improves PFS (HR; 0.56) irrespective of PD-L1 expression level. Nivolumab also improves PFS (HR; 0.62), when used as a second line for those progressing with chemotherapy. Durvalumab improves PFS (HR; 0.68) when used following chemo-radio therapy as a consolidation therapy......

Lale Olcay*

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We evaluated our thrombosis cases for iron deficiency (ID) or iron deficiency anemia (IDA) retrospectively and reviewed the literature. We established that iron parameters were studied in 17 of 64 patients with thrombosis and 2 of 17 patients had IDA. Case 1 (age 16, female) had occlusions in sigmoid and transverse sinuses and right jugular vein and case 2 (age 15, male) had infarct in right cerebellar hemisphere. While case 1 additionally had mastoiditis, high Factor (F) VIII and PAI 4G/5G polymorphism, case 2 who underwent a recent aortic graft insertion operation for aortic aneurysm had high serum lipids, lipoprotein a, homocysteine, FVIII, d-dimer. Of 54 thrombosis cases with ID/IDA in the literature, cerebral thrombosis made up of 70.4% of all the cases, venous cerebral occlusions comprising 100% and 66% of venous thrombo.....

Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi*

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Leukaemia is a blood disorder caused by uncontrolled production and release of abnormal blasts cells in the bone marrow and in the circulation. Treatment of leukaemia has been a great challenge and many patients die. The initial methods of treatments were chemotherapy and radiation which target the leukaemic cells. There is a concern on the management of leukaemia patients. This paper was written to enlighten the public on the need to utilize umbilical cord blood in the management of leukaemia patients......

Nathaniel A Parker*

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Uterine leiomyomas are the most common gynecological tumor in women of reproductive age. These tumors are typically benign entities, but uncommonly transition toward tissues of malignant potential. Rare growth patterns of uterine leiomyomata have been observed which include benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML), disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis (DPL), intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL), retroperitoneal leiomyomatosis (RPL) and parasitic leiomyoma (PL). Metastasis of uterine fibroids most commonly appear several years after the diagnosis and removal of uterine leiomyomata by hysterectomy. For two women who sought treatment for BML and IVL in our clinic, we retrospectively outlined and evaluated their specific genetic, pathological, and clinical features with the intention to elucidate possible t.....

Adebayo OT*

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Mobile health care monitoring provides easy assessment of patient’s health status by looking at the changes in vital sign. The health care giver can have access to this data. In this work, a mobile heart rate monitoring system is implemented. In order to detect the heartbeat/pulse. The device works with an android application which receives the data and sends the gotten data to the health care giver. The system makes use of arduino board which functions as a microprocessor. The pulse sensor takes in the pulse readings and the arduino uno micropocesssor converts it to heartbeat via series of programmed instructions on the microprocessor......

Wilson Ib Onuigbo*

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A 13-year retrospective study of reprint requestors was undertaken with special reference to those from research libraries. It was found that 2.8 percent of the total 2,053 requests were from such librarians. They preponderated in USA, East Germany, Australia, France and Britain. The reason for their requests included Reprint Library acquisitions and exhibition purposes. The librarians tended to ask for reprints from foreign rather than local Journals. All indications are that the reprint has played an important role in scientific communication. In particular, the librarians, who work in research libraries, deserve special scrutiny......

Makki H Fayadh*

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Colorectal cancer is the fourth (4 th ) common cancer in both sexes, worldwide and is the third most common cancer in men and the second in women. b) In 2012, 1.36 million cases of colorectal cancer occurred and there were 693,881 deaths c) The incidence is increasing under age 50 and it is the second killer cancer in UAE in 2017 [1]. d) According to health authority of Abu Dhabi( HAAD) in a report published in 2012 colon cancer is the 2 nd common cancer and 4 th common cause of cancer deaths in men and 3 rd most common cancer and 2 nd common cause of cancer deaths in women.....

Paul TE Cusack*

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I was asked to submit a minireview to this journal on oncology. I’ll share an antidotal observation that may prove useful to cancer researchers. I studied hyper-ferritism and Ferric Chloride to see its possible link to schizophrenia. Those results are well published [1,2]. However, I noticed from that research a trend that 12 patients who should have had high hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) also universally had had some form of cancer in their medical history. I wonder if H2O2 is not a carcinogen? Could the H2O2 break down that cell walls leading to cell mutation? I’m not an expert on cancer, nor do I intend to be, but perhaps this clue may lead to further research into to the causes of cancer......

Lawrence M Agius*

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Dimensional representation of events actively executing the cell cycle dynamics of progression in carcinogenesis allow for aparadoxical emergence of highly permissive elements in the establishment of the mitotic spindle and the separation of chromatids. In such terms, ongoing processes of dissolution of the nuclear membrane betray an essential permissiveness in cell cycling that is paramount constitutional characterization of a process as “passenger” event in defining malignant transformation. In real terms, incremental progression of the cell cycle is specific hallmark for the events that constitutionally permit the system machinery in mitosis to conclusively establish potential re-setting of events as non-re-replication of the cell cycle in the re-emerging G1 phase of mitotic activity.....

VK Khanna*

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Crossability of various accessions of cowpea on the basis of pollen development and fruit set was studied along with genetic diversity by SSR markers. There was a significant correlation between fruit set and percent viable pollen. In all selfings and the crosses, pollen germination increased from 2 hr to 6 hr after pollination. Pollen germination had a highly significant correlation with fruit set. On selfing, the fruit set was positively correlated with faster pollen tube growth whereas it was not so in the case of crosses. There was a positive correlation between pollen tube growth and fruit set. Thirty six primers were selected to assess genetic diversity of 36 accessions of cowpea and twenty seven primers were found to be polymorphic. The polymorphic primers generated a total of 72 alleles. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 4 wi.....

Humaid O Al Shamsi * and Sadir Alrawi

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Cancer is a major health issue around the world, in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) it is the 3rd leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases and injuries, accounting for 10% of all mortalities in the UAE in 2010 [1] and 16% of all mortalities in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in 2015 [2]. Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer in females among UAE citizens (32.16%) as well as Non- UAE citizens (41.41%) [3]. Females in the UAE has the tendency to develop BC at least a decade earlier than their counterparts in western countries [3-5]. The UAE government has made strident efforts to promote early cancer detection through different health authorities in the UAE. The Health Authority of Abu Dhabi (The UAE’s largest health district) began to have screening programs for colorectal, breast, and cervical cancers in 2008 [6]......

Lawrence M Agius*

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Overall tumorigenesis in neurofibromatosis type 1 patients constitutes a series of specific targeting events with a central role enacted by proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells in overproduction of growth factors and cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta and CXCL12 cytokine. The plexiform neurofibroma well-illustrates dimensions of such cooperative participation within operative fields of the initial Schwann cell proliferation leading in a significant number of patients to malignant transformation of the peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Inclusive directions in operative targeting of Schwann cells or astrocytes are staged performance in the transformation of hyperproliferative induction and constitute further evolutionarily defined incorporation of such systems as endothelial cells. Hyperproliferative cell subset.....

Beatrz Losada Vila*, David Gutiérrez Abad , Beatriz Anton Pascual, Maria Carmen Pantin, Begoña Caballero Perea and Juan Antonio Guerra

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In 2012, 5.210 new cases of head and neck tumors were estimated in the USA, with an increasing incidence due to tobacco and alcohol habits in the population. A large percentage of the cases debut as a locally advanced disease, so control of the disease is key and we look for the best therapeutic strategy to achieve good survival rates while maintaining quality of life. We present the case of a 60-year-old patient in which our objectives to be presented are the assessment of comorbidity, toxicity and survival......

Dinesh Singh*, Prekshi Chowdhary, Swati and Gopal S

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Multiple myeloma accounts for <1% of all malignancies and Central nervous system (CNS) manifestation of multiple myeloma (MM) is rare. Multiple myelomais characterized by malignant transformation of plasma cells that produces immunoglobulin chains. The accumulation of plasma cells in bone marrow results in clinical features like anaemia, osteolytic lesions, hypocalcaemia, renal failure and immunodeficiency [1,2]. The involvement of central nervous system is very uncommon in multiple myeloma and it may present early or late during the course of disease. The neurological symptoms can be diffuse headache, persistent vomiting, vertigo, weakness in limbs, urinary incontinence etc. Symptoms can be attributed to spinal cord or nerve root compression, peripheral neuropathies, and uremia [3,4]. Likely risk factors of CNS manifestation are unfavour.....

Ida Micaily MD*, Lakshmi Kolandra DO, Shahrzad Abdollahi MD and Anthony Scarpaci MD

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Metastatic hormone-receptor and HER-2 positive (triple-positive) breast cancer provides a treatment dilemma for clinicians. The current guidelines offer a variety of options in the first and second line for metastatic breast cancer. A tailored treatment approach is needed for the triple-positive metastatic breast cancer population......

Peter Elwood*

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The story of aspirin and vascular disease starts with John O Brien, a haematologist in Portsmouth in the 1960s, who reported that the ingestion of 150mg of aspirin substantially reduced the aggregation of platelets [1]. On the basis of this finding, and the assumption that the incidence of thrombosis would be reduced, O’Brien persuaded the UK Medical Research Council in 1968 to set up a randomised trial of aspirin [2]......

Dra Mirta D Ambra*

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Immunotherapy exerts its antitumor action by stimulating the response immune response of patients to cancer, unlike classic treatments, which directly attack the tumor.....

Kimihiko Okazaki*

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In 1969, Mutsuyuki Kochi [1,2] developed 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde for use as a novel anti-tumor agent without side effect and acquired its patent. Accordingly, this medicine is capable of preventing carcinogenesis when used in sufficient quantity. To treat advanced cancers, an oncologist should start with giving the cancer patient a small dose of the 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde to avoid the possible severe hemorrhage of a tumor caused by excessive necrosis. Therefore, it has useful applications in treating lymphomas and leukemia’s. Consequently, those who have these diseases can receive a considerably large dose of the medicine. The mechanism of action of the medicine is apparently competitive inhibition of tyrosine kinase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway of carcinogenesis [3,4]......

Tomas Koltai*

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In ovarian cancer there is formation of tumor cells in ovarian tissues. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) motivated cell proliferation, migration and endurance by acting on its cognate G-protein-coupled receptors. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), present in ascitic fluid, motivates the enlargement of malignant ovarian tumors by raising the appearance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ovarian cancer cells. Ovarian cancer cell progress is repressed by alendronate, a nitrogen containing biophosphate which attenuate the establishment of Rho by blocking the mevalonate pathway......

Muhammad Imran Qadir*

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In ovarian cancer there is formation of tumor cells in ovarian tissues. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) motivated cell proliferation, migration and endurance by acting on its cognate G-protein-coupled receptors. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), present in ascitic fluid, motivates the enlargement of malignant ovarian tumors by raising the appearance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ovarian cancer cells. Ovarian cancer cell progress is repressed by alendronate, a nitrogen containing biophosphate which attenuate the establishment of Rho by blocking the mevalonate pathway.....

Muhammad Imran Qadir*

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Tumors have several types that can build up in or near the spine. There are many types of spinal tumors. They can appoint the spinal cord, nerve roots or the vertebrae (bones of the spine) and pelvis. Spinal tumors have two classes. A spinal tumor can be primary, meaning it comes from cells within or near the spine. Primary tumors of the spine are uncommon. More commonly a spinal tumor that is found is a secondary spinal tumor. This means that the tumor traveled there from someplace else in the body. Tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Arise from the arachnid “cap” cell of arachnid villi. Meningiomas are slow growing usually present next to dura matter and the 2nd most common tumors of CNS and primary in nature. They increased intracranial pressure when it enters sometimes in the.....

Hayder M Al kuraishy

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During 1950s in Italy a soil sample was isolated and found new strains of Streptomyces peucetius bacteria from which a new antibiotic was extracted with potent effect against murine tumors, this antibiotic named daunorubicin [1]. In 1960s, a clinical trial was done on the drug and result a successful in treating acute leukemia and lymphoma, and finally a new antibiotic was discovered which named adriamycin which change to doxorubicin. Doxorubicin has a potent antitumor activity more than daunorubicin with a higher therapeutic index [2]......

Estevez GM

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Cancer is one of the diseases that have the greatest impact on the quality of life of its patients, either because of the real burden of the disease or because of all the myths involved in its diagnosis. The objective of this article is to evaluate the different factors that affect the quality of life of patients beyond the clinical characteristics of the type of cancer.....

M Onur Ziyadanogulları

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A pilomatricoma is a rare, benign skin tumour originating from the hair follicle cells. It accounts for 0.15 of skin tumours is. It usually involves the head and neck region. The definitive diagnosis is based on histological examination. The recommended treatment is surgical removal of the lesion. Herein, we report a 40-year-old male case of pilomatricoma localized in the arm. We present our case due to its rare occurrence in the arm......

Boyou Zhang

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Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is also called cylindroma, which is considered as a kind of low-grade malignant tumor and often occurs in head and neck salivary gland tissue. Most of them happened in submandibular gland and minor salivary glands while rarely happened in thymus. There are only 7 cases had already reported before all around the world. Our case is diagnosed as thymic carcinoma with adenoid cystic carcinomalike features by pathology after surgery; it is different with other cases because he had accepted a surgery six years ago because of the mediastinal mass and pleural effusion. Because of the symptom of chest tightness, he came to see doctor again and finally find there was a mediastinal mass and accepted the treatment of surgery. The medical history of our case maybe provides some inspiration of the pathogenic .....

Ana Joaquim*

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Burnout is a professional syndrome associated with stress caused by overwork and is highly prevalent in healthcare professionals working with cancer patients. Our aim was to assess the role of complementary therapies, namely acupuncture and Reiki, in Burnout and Stress prevention of healthcare professionals working at an Oncology and Haematology Departments of a Portuguese hospital. Therefore, an experimental, cross-sectional study was designed wherein a sample of 16 participants underwent acupuncture and Reiki sessions. The Maslach’s Burnout Inventory- Human Service Surveys (MBI-HSS) as well as the Stress Questionnaire for Health Professionals (SQHP) were completed by all participants before and after the intervention. Furthermore, they were also asked qualitative questions regarding their p.....

Mohamed Alalem

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Abstract Background/Aim: Targeting angiogenesis preferentially in cancer is a promising approach to improve treatment efficacy and safety. The aim of this study is investigate potential upregulation of Krüppel like factor-4(KLF-4) by inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to repress vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in breast cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Using Western blot; bandshift assay; and Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay, we assessed the effect of different mTOR inhibitors on the level of mTOR pathway proteins and on KLF-4/ serum amyloid activating factor (SAF-1) SAF-1 DNA binding and consequently VEGF gene expression in MCF-7breast cancer cells. Results: mTOR inhibition increased KLF-4 level in breast cancer cells, but this inhibition, except for metformin, elicited rebound upre.....

Gerald JS Tan*

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This case study reports a case of an inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma, where the patient had underwent resection of the tumour with reconstruction of the inferior vena cava and bilateral renal vein using a graft. At postoperative day 10, the patient was noted to have a large amount of milky discharge from the laparotomy wound. The diagnosis of chyle leak was confirmed by fluid analysis that demonstrated high triglyceride content. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen revealed perihepatic collection, which was connected to the subcutaneous region. Aspiration under ultrasound guidance was performed for both the perihepatic and subcutaneous collection......

Bell V , Ferrão LJ, Chaquisse EE and Fernandes TH*

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Patterns of diseases and resulting well-being, morbidity and mortality have changed considerably in the last decades namely in developed countries. Infection-contagious diseases are no longer a major threat and other chronic ailments such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer are today major factors in lack of health and mortality. In developing countries parasitic and infectious diseases are still major sources of illness while chronic diseases are not so easy to diagnose due to lack of proper equipment, staff and financing. A vast list of clinical, physiopathological, and epidemiological studies has underlined the detrimental or beneficial role of nutritional factors in some chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. It has been described that lifestyle, environmental conditions, and nutrition.....

Kingsley Akarowhe*

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The role of traditional medicine in contextual African society cannot be overemphasized. Due to the less financial implication on the part of patients(s) patronizing the medicine to treat a particular ailment. In recent time, attention by government and relevant stakeholders in the health sectors in African tend to shift their compendium effort to improve modern health medicine, this has yielded little effort. In light of this a greater percentage of African population still resorts to traditional medicine due to the less financial implication and accessibility. Over the years, traditional African medicine seems to face some ongoing challenges. It is due to these recurring mitigating challenges that this paper intend to explore and map-out modalities to surmount the challenges. The challenges farfetched by the researcher were lack of usag.....

Tomas Koltai*

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ntroduction: Evodiamine is a quinolone alkaloid compound obtained from a fruit described in traditional Chinese medicine. It has been in use for many centuries for the treatment of headaches, menstrual problems, abdominal pain and other ailments. In the western world, it is known as a controversial weight loss product and is sold over the counter as a nutritional supplement. Many freely sold weight loss products contain evodiamine associated with other supposed weight control chemicals. Even though there are no reliable statistics, we may presume that thousands of persons have been using it without serious side effects being reported. Background: At the beginning of this century researchers found that this compound had anti-cancer effects: cytotoxicity and decreased invasion and migration .....

Juan C Astigueta*, Juan E Silva , Benjamin A Leiva, Miracles A Abad Licham and Reynaldo D Kantt

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ntroduction and Objective: Percutaneous Nephrostomy (NP) is a procedure that involves the placement of a drainage catheter in the renal pelvis by puncture through the skin guided by an imaging method. The objective of the work is to present our experience in PN with ultrasound guidance (zero irradiation) in patients with ureteral obstruction secondary to oncological pathologies, showing the step-by-step technique and the usefulness of the 7 French central venous catheter set (CVC-7F). Material and methods: Prospective work carried out in two institutions between 2010 and 2016. The eligibility criteria to perform percutaneous nephrostomy with ultrasound guidance (NPGE) with CVC-7F were: adult patients with oncological pathology with a dilated collecting system (moderate-severe hydronephrosis) and distance between the skin and renal pelv.....

Luis Mendoza

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With an estimated 500,000 new cases per year, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The incidence is rising in the west, largely due to an increasing incidence of hepatitis C virus infection [1]. The majority of HCC patients are diagnosed with disease too advanced for curative treatment. Only liver resection and liver transplantation are considered curative, with poor efficiency of other modalities such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), although this may provide a modest prolongation in survival; however, the relapse in the majority of these patients is inevitable [2]. An array of translational research and pilot clinical trials have revealed that adoptive immunotherapy’s are safe by patients with HCC, but they lack efficacy [3]. Now, we ar.....

Mirta D Ambra*

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As oncologists learn to target the immune response to “self and non-self,” a delicate therapy balance will eventually be achieved with predictable outcomes, benefits, and toxicity in the fightThe study of how the immune system recognizes friend and foe, or as the immunologist Sir Macfarlane Burnet phrased it, “distinguishes between self and non-self,” has driven important discoveries that are transforming our ability to treat cancer......

Steven J Coles*

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The immune suppressive mechanisms displayed by malignant cells are considered a central process in the pathogenesis of cancer. Research in this area has gained significant momentu mover the past 20 years, with several immune checkpoints identified, including; CTLA-4, CD200/CD200R, Tim-3/Galectin-9 and PD-L1/PD-1 (Figure 1). Whilst characterising the molecular basis of leukaemia for risk stratification remains at the forefront of AML research; this must now extend to understating how the seimmune checkpoint path ways fit into the equation......

K Moustaide*, A Nassiri, S Gallouj and FZ Mernissi

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Acute erythroblastic leukemia is characterized by the proliferation of a predominant erythrocyte population on other lineages. Cutaneous manifestations remain rare and misleading, making the diagnosis of difficult to suspect as first-line. Here, we report an unusual and rare case of acute leukemia in a 24 year old male with gingival hypertrophy and dermatological manifestations. This case emphasizes that dentist and dermatologist should be well acquainted with these manifestations of systemic diseases......

Hosein Nasrolahpour*

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The study of complex systems and investigation of their structural and dynamical properties have attracted considerable interests among scientists in general and physicists, biologists and medical researchers in particular. Complex systems can be found almost everywhere however the highest level of complexities is related to living and biological organisms and systems. Due to the lack of a reliable and effective tool to investigate such systems, we have not reached to the complete understanding and comprehensive pictures of the phenomena and processes which occur in these systems. Of course a comprehensive knowledge of biological and biomedical complex phenomena will be achieved when we employ simultaneously different field of science and engineering including: biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, mechanical engineering and so on......

Alireza Heidari*

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Hojouj Mohammad IM*, IN Bondarenko, VF Zavizion, Hojouj TV , YA Shevchenko

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Increasing the effectiveness of antitumor therapy in breast cancer patients who take L-carnitine during preoperative systemic antitumor therapy compared with patients receiving standard neoadjuvant systemic antitumor therapy served as a prerequisite for studying possible antitumor mechanisms of L-carnitine. The positive effect of L-carnitine is due to the transfer of palm-n-LC through the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix, which promotes the formation of a significant number of ATP molecules. It has also been shown that L-carnitine can have a double protective effect, enhancing the energy dynamics of the cell and inhibiting the hyperexcitability of the cell membrane, that making it an ideal nutrient for the prevention and treatment of cancer. This article summarizes the results of epidemiological and clinical studies of the use.....

Fatemeh Khatami and Seyed Mohammad Tavangar *

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Long time ago it was wrongly thought that tumor genes and cells are only existence in the exact tumor site. In spite of the fact of the hypothesis that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a fundamental prerequisite to metastasis ( first projected in the 1896 by Thomas Ashworth, an Australian pathologist, ) and the presence of cfDNA report in human plasma by Mandel and Metals in 1948, liquid biopsy were totally ignored till 1977. In 1977, researchers made the novel observation that cancer patients carried cell-free DNA in their peripheral blood which was Initial progress on further of liquid biopsy. Without a doubt, significant progress was not made until recent years with the advent of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology, which significantly improved the sensitivity and specificity of ctDNA detection. Interestingly, research in thi.....

Andrew Ford, Charmaine Brown and Chen-Hsiung Yeh*

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Somatic mutations have been perceived as the causal event in the origin of the vast majority of cancers. Advanced massively parallel, highthroughput DNA sequencing have enabled the comprehensive characterization of somatic mutations in a large number of tumor samples for precision and personalized therapy. Understanding how these observed genetic alterations give rise to specific cancer phenotypes represents an ultimate goal of cancer genomics. However, somatic mutations are also commonly found in healthy individuals, which interfere with the effectiveness for cancer diagnostics......