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Abdulghani A Naeem, Saud A Abdulsamad, Asmaa Al Bayati, Jiachen Zhang, Mohammed I Malki, Hongwen Ma and Youqiang Ke*

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.05.000208

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When it comes to studying biological processes, cell lines are typically utilized in lieu of original cell samples. Like in the studies for other cancer types, researchers in prostate cancer can be constrained in their ability to discover new treatments because of a lack of cell lines to investigate pre-clinical status. There are various forms of prostate cancer cell lines that are reviewed in this work. A cautionary note is in need since cell lines may not always correctly mimic the original cells. Cancerous cells are immortal and using cell lines produced from cancer cells as a model to better understand cancer and to develop novel therapies are common in research. Apart from the prostate cancer cells, we also reviewed two cell lines PNT2 and RWPE-1 which were established from non-neoplastic male prostatic epithelial c..... ReadMore

BM Petrikovsky*

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.05.000207

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Precision medicine is a novel trend for treatment and prevention that emphasizes individual variability in genes, family history, and lifestyle for each person. This approach allows doctors to accurately predict which treatment and prevention strategies will work for an individual. It is in contrast to the one-size-fits-all approach used now where treatment and prevention are designed for the average person, not taking into account the differences between individuals. Although the term “precision medicine” is new, the concept has been known for years. For example, a person requiring blood transfusion is not given blood from a random donor; instead, the donor’s blood type is matched to the recipient. Precision medicine is different from boutique medicine. The latter is designed for wealthy consumers who are not interested to wait in ..... ReadMore

Xi Jin, Bandar A Alenezi, Gang He, Hongwen Ma, Qiang Wei, and Youqiang Ke*

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.05.000206

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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) is a transcription factor that is ligand dependent and is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARγ is expressed in two isoforms: PPARγ1 and PPARγ2, the latter contains thirty extra amino acids (Figure 1). Both synthetic and endogenous ligands can band to and activate PPARγ [1]. When activated, PPARγ is translocated into the nucleus and forms a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), where it serves as a transcriptional regulator of genes via DNA binding [2]. It is well established that PPARγ plays a critical role in adipocyte differentiation, the inflammatory response, and peripheral glucose consumption. PPARγ agonists are frequently utilised to treat type II diabetes [1]. Diabetes type II is the most prevalent endocrine-metabolic condition worldwi..... ReadMore

Xi Jin, Asmaa Al-Bayati, Gang He, Jiacheng Zhang, Qiang Wei and Youqiang Ke*

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.05.000204

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Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are a group of molecules playing important roles in lipid transportation. FABPs are expressed in different configurations in numerous tissues and have diverse functions [1]. Transportation of fatty acids into cells is achieved either through membrane diffusion or via help of receptors like G-protein. FABPs act as a chaperone regulating all functions of cell lipid transportation and storage. Inside cells, FABPs send lipid to endoplasmic reticulum for signalling, to mitochondria for oxidative process, and to nucleus for transcription activity. All members of FABPs can bind long chain fatty acids, however; they differ in their selectivity, affinity and binding mechanism [2]. It is clear that the roles of FABPs are various and include the transportation of fatty acids to cells, participating in PPAR signal ..... ReadMore

Cees Th Smit Sibinga*

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.05.000203

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Blood transfusion has been in the mind of people since ages as a substance that carries all the blessings of life, despite the serious events that happened during the époques where little or no knowledge existed on the characteristics of blood and its composition. The start of breakthroughs happened in the 19th Century, with a tremendous acceleration in the science of transfusion medicine during the 20th Century, which resulted in 23 Nobel laureates up till today [1]. With the socio-economic developments life expectancy has been improved in a growing number of populations spread over this globe [2]. With that we are now able to initiate long term observative studies to understand the slow developing effects of interventions leading to morbidities that become noticeable after years and years. Blood transfusion, be it whole blood or separa..... ReadMore

Patrice Ellen Rancour*

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.05.000202

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If you are a nurse working today, it is assumed that part of your basic educational preparation was in learning the germ theory of disease, that infection and infection control are very basic to one’s knowledge of public health. When we license, we do not have the freedom of choice to agree or disagree with scientific principles that guide practice. For example, I cannot choose to disbelieve in the concept of inflammation while I provide care to people with diabetes, arthritis, cardiovascular disease, etc. As health care professionals, we take an oath to protect the public trust by engaging in personal and professional health care practices that promote the general welfare. That is why we are recognized as licensed professionals, and actually, as nurses, we have received the very top grade almost every year as the one discipline the pub..... ReadMore

Bethan Hamill, Saffran Pick and Lisa Lee-Jones*

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.04.000200

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Haematological malignancies are the fifth most prevalent cancer in the UK, and its treatment is particularly challenging, often associated with severe toxicity [1]. Chemotherapy can result in the development of second primary malignancies [2]. Bone marrow transplantation offers curative potential.3 However, multidrug resistance is a major cause of treatment failure and subsequent relapse in haematological neoplasms. The use of novel therapeutic agents as additional or adjuvant treatments for haematological malignancies may reduce recurrence, extend survival, and provide a cure without transplantation [3]. For thousands of years, people have acquired knowledge on the medicinal use of plants to treat a plethora of diseases. Indeed, many communities still rely on plantbased medicines, especially in developing countries [4]. The World Health ..... ReadMore

Athanasia Panagiota Serafeim, Panagiotis Apostolou and Ioannis Papasotiriou*

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.04.000199

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant neoplasm that develops in tissues of the colon or the rectum. Due to common features present in both types, colon cancer and rectal cancer are often grouped together. CRC is a significant healthcare challenge that affects millions of people worldwide per year. According to the Global Cancer Observatory (GCO), there were over 1.9 million new cases in 2020 [1]. CRC incidence is higher in men for which the agestandardized rate per 100,000 is at 23.4 while the same rate is at 16.2 for women [1]. In Europe, CRC is the third most diagnosed cancer in men after prostate and lung cancer and the second one in women after breast cancer. In fact, there were 191 thousand new cases diagnosed in men and 150 thousand new cases in women for the year 2020 [2]. It is estimated that in Europe, CRC accounted for 12.7% of..... ReadMore

Nora Tu*, Zahidul Islam, Mackenzie Henderson and Maribel Salas

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.04.000198

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Purpose: A retrospective cohort analysis to investigate comorbidities and 5-year survival in elderly patients (≥65 years) with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive (HER2-positive) breast cancer (BC) using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare program Methods: Female patients aged ≥65 years with a HER2-positive BC diagnosis as the first cancer diagnosis (between 1/1/2010– 12/31/2015) were eligible. Comorbidities and 5-year survival of HER2-positive BC patients (irrespective of stage) were compared with age/race-matched non-cancer controls. Survival data (time-to-death) were unadjusted and adjusted by comorbidities and region. Results Data from 8978 HER2-positive BC patients and 8978 controls were included. Mean age was 77.1 years (range: 66.0– 102.8 years). Most cancers were Stage I ..... ReadMore

Jingyao Xu, Zerak Kabir, Kartik Aysola, Yuli Chai, Nina Wyatt, Shai Waldrip, Alexis Clark, Michelle Lee, Vaishali Reddy, Manan Shah, Eric Chang, Joel Okoli, E Shyam P Reddy and Veena N Rao*

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.04.000197

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African American men have the highest risk of developing prostate cancer and have more than twice the mortality rate compared to Caucasian men in the US. ELK-1 belongs to the ETS family of ternary complex factors that plays a major role in cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, as well as differentiation. We have previously shown ELK-1 to not only suppress growth but also to augment the growth suppressive function of BRCA1 proteins in human breast cancer cells. In the current study we have demonstrated for the first time Elk-1 to inhibit the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. ELK-1 transfected prostate and breast cancer cells were slow growing and inhibited in their capacity to form colonies in soft agar. The p21WAF1/CIP1 protein was found to be expressed at elevated levels both in ELK-1 transfected breast and prostate canc..... ReadMore

Liebiao Peng, Yiqian Wang, Rongfei Wang, and Ming Shao*

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.04.000196

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Cerebral infarction (CI) represents one of the most common type of stroke, which is attributed to occlusion of large intracranial arteries due to a loss of oxygen to the brain [1, 2]. In addition, neurological damage caused by CI is slow to recover. Current treatment strategies for CI patients are mainly aimed towards inhibiting platelet aggregation and promoting cerebral blood flow [3]. However, the outcomes remain unsatisfactory. Therefore, improved treatment regimens are urgently required. Bone marrowderived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a heterogeneous population of plastic-adherent cells known to promote neurological recovery in rats with cerebral infarction, but the mechanisms remain unclear [2, 4]. Many studies have revealed that the failure of neurite regeneration in the early stage of CI is due to the overexpression of myeli..... ReadMore

George Bishet, Yahya Salama A Salama*, Mohammed Qayum., Lava Krishna Kannappa

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.04.000195

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The incidence of diverticulosis among the population in the western world is a common occurrence known amongst the medical fraternity. The spectrum of presentation for diverticulitis varies being asymptomatic to life-threatening sepsis with perforation requiring surgery. The prevalence of diverticulosis increases by age with about 10% I under 40 years of age, over 50 % over 50 years of age and increasing to 70% by 80 years of age [1]. A vast majority of the patients of roughly 75 with diverticulosis are asymptomatic [2]. As per NICE (National institute of clinical excellence) guidelines in the UK (United Kingdom), Watchful watching is advised for patients if they are systemically well, If the patient if the person is systemically unwell but does not meet the criteria for referral with suspected complicated acute diverticulitis. The eviden..... ReadMore

Hind Sahli*, Sanae Amalik, Asaad El bakkari, Hounayda Jerguigue, Rachida Latib, Youssef Omor

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.04.000193

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Sugar coating is an imagery metaphor for lepto-meningeal carcinomatosis. This carcinomatosis is related to the meningeal dissemination of a solid tumor lesion or blood disease. Call signs are nonspecific. We report a case of lepto-meningeal carcinomatosis in a 51-year-old patient who was followed for treated breast cancer. We discuss the description of this semiological sign, its pathophysiology and the characteristic signs in imaging of lepto-meningeal carcinomatosis. Sugar coating, coating or icing or zuckerguss in German (Figure 1) are metaphors that are used to describe leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis can appear in tumors of the central nervous system. However, it is often seen in breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, melanoma, lymphoma and leukemia [1]. Several theories come to explain the meningeal spread of..... ReadMore

Sorush Niknamian

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.04.000186

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Abstract Go to Background: Approximately 80% of all viruses are RNA viruses and they contain their specific RNA helicases. Defective RNA helicases have been linked to infectious diseases (Viral Infections). Materials and Methods..... ReadMore

Abdul Miah

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2021.04.000185

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Abstract Go to Multiple myeloma (MM), although a rare disease, is the second most common hematologic malignancy. MM is associated with significant morbidity due to its end-organ destruction. It is a disease of the older population and advancements in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of MM are of the utmost importance as the general population lives longer due to other improvements in health care...... ReadMore

Stefano Siringo

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2020.04.000184

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Abstract Objective: It is well known that the complexity of pelvic anatomy, although the large number of educational resources, sometimes makes it difficult for gynaecologists, not trained in surgical oncology, to understand operations performed for oncological indications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if adding specific educational materials (medical illustrations realized ad hoc) to the reading comprehension alone of the latest Querleu-Morrow Classification of radical hysterectomy (2017) may help Ob-Gyn residents and general ob-gyn attendings to better understand limits of parametrial resection in radical hysterectomy from type A to type C2...... ReadMore

DhouhaBacha, Lasaad Gharbi, Ghofrane Talbi, Wael Ferjaoui*, Sahir Omrani and Bouraoui Saadia

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2020.03.000168

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The ‘’mini method’’ in medical education is characterized by its duration (25-30 min) and the design of its content [1]. It is divided into minimethods which are intended for teaching (MINIt) and for assessment purposes (MINIa). These mini methods are based on several arguments and data taken from cognitive psychology. Otherwise, they are effective pedagogically [2]. However, they are little used in medical education and their description is dismissed and disparate in the literature. The aim of this study is to carry out a comprehensive review on this mini method in order to codify “a new concept in educational pedagogy». Our work try to define, also, its borders with micro method and classic method (also called macro or long method)...... ReadMore

Dani Choufani, Elena Schmidt and Julius Gene Latorre*

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2019.03.000160

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The association between cancer and thrombosis has been known for a long time, and the majority of the thromboembolic events associated with cancer are usually diagnosed after the cancer being identified [1]. However, a thromboembolic event may precede the identification of a cancer and maybe the first manifestation of the underlying malignancy [2]. Malignant cancers promote hypercoagulable state and increases the risk of thromboembolism. Carcinoma is the most common cause of ischemic stroke associated with malignancy [3] with lung cancers being the most common [1,4] while adenocarcinoma confers a higher risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) [5]...... ReadMore

Gurmeet Singh Sarla

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2019.03.000159

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Background: Beer is one of the most seasoned and most broadly expended alcoholic beverages on the planet and is the third most commonly consumed drink after water and tea world over.Aim: The aim of this review article was to study the health effects of beer consumption and compare the positive effects of consumption of wine, beer and spirits when consumed in moderation.Methods: Literature was searched in the form of epidemiological studies, prospective studies and clinical trials and the health effects of different alcoholic beverages were studied and compared when consumed in moderation. Moderate consumption of beer was defined as non bingeing utilization of 1 beverage for every day in ladies and upto 2 beverages for each day in men.Conclusion: Although alcohol consumption is a two-sided coin, moderate alcohol consu..... ReadMore

Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi*, Okorie Hope M, Obeagu Getrude Uzoma and Anaebo Queen Braxton N

DOI : 10.32474/OAJOM.2019.03.000158

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Multiple squamous cell carcinomas (MSCCs) in albinos occur mainly due to light melanin and constant exposure to ultraviolet rays of sun light. A study to evaluate changes in haematological parameters was done in albinos with multiple squamous cell carcinomas in a tertiary health institution in Enugu, Nigeria. A total of 40 subjects were recruited for the study comprising 20 subjects each for MSCC and control. About 2ml of venous blood was collected by venepuncture into EDTA anticoagulated containers and Mindray BC-5300 used to measure the haematological parameters. The data were analysed using SPSS version 21 with t-test and significance level set at P<0.05. The results showed increase in ESR (19.80±3.40mm/hr, 6.80±2.33mm/hr, 0.000), WBC (5.91±0.45X109/L,4.65±0.59X109/L,P=0.000), Eosinophils ..... ReadMore