Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on oral and mucosa :
A Review Article
Volume 3 - Issue 2
Nanda Rachmad Putra Gofur1, Aisyah Rachmadani Putri Gofur2, Soesilaningtyas3, Rizki Nur Rachman Putra
Gofur4, Mega Kahdina4, Hernalia Martadila Putri4
- 1Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- 2Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- 3Department of Dental Nursing, Poltekkes Kemenkes, Surabaya, Indonesia
- 4Faculty Of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Received: March 12, 2021 Published: March 22, 2021
Corresponding author: Nanda Rachmad Putra Gofur, Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
DOI: 10.32474/PAPN.2021.03.000158
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Abstract
Introduction: Gonorrhea is one of the four most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Globally, the highest
incidence of gonorrhea cases is in the African and Western Pacific regions (including China, Indonesia and Australia). Gonorrhea is
a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. These bacteria are gram-negative bacteria in the form
of diplococci located intracellularly from PMN cells. Infection from Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be transmitted by sexual intercourse
or vertical transmission at the time of delivery. In children, infection can occur as a result of sexual abuse by an individual infected
with Gonorrhea or it can also occur from touching items contaminated with N. gonorrhoeae bacteria.
Discussion: Gonococcal infection occurs by invading the mucosa, so that gonococcal infection can occur in many places.
Gonococcal infection can occur in male and female external genitalia, anorectal, pharynx and eyes. There can be a local infection in
the genital area (most common), infection in the abdominal cavity (peritonitis), infection around the liver (perihepatitis), meningitis,
endocarditis, dermatitis, arthritis and can spread to the bloodstream and cause a Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI) which
can spread systemically. The manifestations of gonococcal infection in the female external genitalia can be asymptomatic but
may also include periurethral edema and urethritis. There may be a purulent discharge from the cervix but it does not represent
vaginitis, dysuria or painful urination, dyspareunia or pain during sexual intercourse and lower abdominal pain. There can also be
a vulvovaginitis, bartolin abscess, and in gonococcal infections that are not treated properly, a complication can occur in the form of
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), characterized by lower abdominal pain, increased body discharge from the vagina and urethra,
dysuria and intermenstruals. bleeding accompanied by signs of peritonitis, endocervicitis, endosalfingitis and endometritis, causing
a deep pelvic or lumbar pain. Currently, the resistance rate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibiotics is increasing rapidly. This
condition is not good for prognosis.
Conclusion: The administration of dual therapy with this drug regimen is expected to increase the cure rate so that it can
prevent more serious complications and reduce the possibility of resistance to cephalosporins.
Keywords: Gonorrhoea; Resistance; Oral Management
Abstract|
Introduction|
Discussion|
Clinical Manifestation|
Gonorrhea Resistance|
Therapeutic Management|
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