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ISSN: 2638-6062

Peer Reviewed Journal of Forensic & Genetic Sciences

Opinion(ISSN: 2638-6062)

The Compromised, Pre-Diseased or Post-Diseased Terrain, Malaria and Germ Terrain Dualism Volume 1 - Issue 5

Seun Ayoade*

  • Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Received: July 18, 2018;   Published: July 23, 2018

*Corresponding author: Seun Ayoade, BSc (Hons) Physiology, University of Ibadan P.O. Box 22325, Oyo State, Nigeria

DOI: 10.32474/PRJFGS.2018.01.000124

 

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Introduction

The Germ-Terrain duality theory of disease states that the aetiology of certain diseases/diseased states is better explained as a complex interplay between germs and the inherent anatomical/ physiological integrity of the body cells. It argues that the aetiology of certain diseases is not fully explained merely by the presence of germs (Germ Theory) or by a mere loss of cellular integrity (Terrain Theory). As a result, the prevention and treatment of such diseases should focus not just on fighting germs but on maintaining/ restoring the anatomical/physiological cellular integrity. The Germ-Terrain duality theory is a harmonization of the current Germ Theory (popularized by Louis Pasteur) and the hitherto discarded Terrain Theory (popularized by Pierre Bechamp) [1].

If an unhealthy/pre-diseased person is infected with malaria, what happens? What is the effect of malaria in an individual whose anatomical/physiological terrain (integrity wise) has been compromised prior to (or after) infection?

Conditions That Provide Resistance to Malaria

a) Thalassemias [2]

b) Blood Group O [3-6]

c) AIDS

d) Type 2 Diabetes (Disputed) [7-8]

e) Pyruvate kinase deficiency

f) Duffy antigen receptor negativity

g) Gerbich antigen receptor negativity

h) Human leucocyte antigen polymorphisms

i) Cancer [9]

j) Glycophorin A and B protein mutations

Conditions That Provide No Resistance to Malaria, Encourage Malaria to Thrive And/or Are Themselves Adversely Affected by Malaria

a) Blood Group A [10]

b) Pregnancy

c) Hypertension

d) Vitamin A deficiency

e) Excess Iron

f) Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency [11]

g) Zinc deficiency [12]

h) Folate deficiency [13]

The above show terrain has a role to play in the aetiology of malaria.

References

  1. Ayoade S (2017) Etiology, Epidemiology and Therapeutic History of Malaria Validate Germ-Terrain Duality; Postulates Thereof. J Mol Genet Med 11: 261.
  2. Ayoade S (2017) Thalassemias Validate Germ Terrain Duality of Malaria. Health Sci J 11(3): 512.
  3. Tewodros Zerihun, Abraham Degarege, Berhanu Erko (2011) Association of ABO blood group and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Dore Bafeno Area, Southern Ethiopia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Aug 1(4): 289-294.
  4. J Alexandra Rowe, Ian G Handel, Mahamadou A Thera, Anne-Marie Deans, Kirsten E Lyke, et al. (2007) Blood group O protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria through the mechanism of reduced resetting. PNAS October 30 104(44): 17471-17476.
  5. J Alexandra Rowe, D Herbert Opi, Thomas N Williams (2009) Blood groups and malaria: fresh insights into pathogenesis and identification of targets for intervention. Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Hematol. Nov 16(6): 480-487.
  6. Mats Wahlgren (2015) How blood group O protects against malaria. Nature Medicine, AOP 9 March.
  7. Pierre Lutgen (2017) Does diabetes have antimalarial properties. Malaria World March 23.
  8. I Danquah, FP Mockenhaupt (2010) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Increased Risk for Malaria Infection. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Centre for Disease Control Dispatch 16(10): 1601-1604.
  9. Xuan Pham (2016) Negative Link between Malaria Resistance and Cancer Metastasis. Labroots.
  10. N Gopal Raj (2015) Malaria: people with blood group A more vulnerable to severe disease. The Hindu March 11.
  11. Anuraj H Shankar (2000) Nutritional Modulation of Malaria Morbidity and Mortality, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1 September 182(1): 37-53.
  12. WHO (2017) Malaria In pregnant Women.
  13. American Heart Association News (2016) Scientists propose a malariahigh blood pressure, AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION NEWS Malaria and HIV AIDS.

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