The Role of Wound Healing and Protective Effect of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Volume 2 - Issue 1

Nouraddin Abdi Goushbolagh¹* and Masoomeh Gholizadeh²

• ¹Medical Physics Department, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Iran
• ¹Human Nutrition Department, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Received:September 14, 2019;  Published: September 19, 2019

Corresponding author: Nouraddin Abdi Goushbolagh, Medical Physics Department, shahid sadoughi University of Medical Science, Iran

DOI: 10.32474/GJAPM.2019.02.000130

Abstract PDF

Keywords: Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles; Free Radical; Reactive Oxygen Species

While it is true that the humans are endangered by many dangers and may endure many pains, but the fact remains that some risks are inescapable. For one thing, the skin is the first defensive wall of the body against external hazards [1]. Ionizing radiation (skin burns and cancer), ultraviolet radiation (skin burns and cancer), physical blows, microorganisms and chemicals can cause serious injury and scarring to the skin [1-3]. For another, alcohol consumption give rise to gastric ulcers [4]. As far as we know, the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the injured site results in a delay at tissue repair [1]. Also, mega-voltage radiation in external radiation therapy and brachytherapy is a tool to killing of cancer cells by DNA doublestrand break and ROS generation. Actually, ROS instigate apoptosis and autophagy pathways synchronously [5]. Different materials are used to protect open and internal wounds against bacterial invasion and water loss, which divided into three groups: passive, interactive and bioactive products [1]. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) or nanoceria as bioactive material have remarkable properties such as retinal neurodegeneration protection, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities [6]. They can scavenge the free radicals and reproduce itself due to having individual electrical structure (Figure 1) [3]. CeO₂ nanoparticles are able protect gastrointestinal ulcers against oxidative stress by dual oxidation states. As detail, nanoceria during ROS scavenging change oxidation state from Ce3+ to Ce⁴⁺ at the damage site. Regard to the (Figure 1), oxygen exchange between adsorbed species and the CONPs surface occur, which cause to the ce³⁺ recover again [4]. Self-regeneration is vital characteristic of CONPs, which makes them have a longer pharmacokinetic halflife than other protective drugs [3,7]. Thereby, this feature allows to use lower doses of nanoceria than other protective drugs to tissue repair and protect normal tissue against ionization radiation [8].

Figure 1: Schematic of self-regeneration of CONPs and ROS (generated by ionization radiation) scavenging by CeO₂ nanoparticles.

As we know, size and shape of nanoparticles, stability and dispersivity, and cellular uptake are vital parameter to estimation of protective effects of CONPs [5]. Nanoparticles with various size have different rate of cell penetrate. Also, dispersivity determine value of CONPs cellular uptake. Because homogenous CONPs suspension have effective uptake in cells [5]. Hydroxylation is important enzymatic to wound healing, which exist in skin. Hence, it could be reasonably argued that the presence of it indicates better tissue repair. CONPs can reduce the number of inflammatory cells and increase hydroxyproline in the wounded area meaningfully [1]. Intrinsic defense enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) have a main role in free radical scavenging. Nanoceria can play the role of SOD in biological entities and protect gastrointestinal mucosa against alcohol [4]. Hence, the utilized of CONPs to diminish free radicals produced by any reason (ionization radiation, scarring, burn and alcohol) can be justified. However, the future studies should be determining the optimum concentration of CONPs for specific applications with considering of patient clinical information such as BMI as well as the structural properties of CONPs. Also, two important issues that challenge the researchers are targeted delivery of nanoceria at the wound area and accelerating the removal process of nanoparticle from the patient’s body after treatment.

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