ISSN: 2643-6736
C Fetecau1* and J Zierep2
Received: March 01, 2020; Published: March 06, 2020
Corresponding author: Section of Mathematics, Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
DOI: 10.32474/ARME.2020.02.000139
Exact expressions for dissipation, power of the shear stress at the wall, the energy variation and the boundary layer thickness are provided for three unidirectional motions of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids over an infinite plate that moves in its plane or applies a shear stress to the fluid.
Keywords: Energetic balance; Kinetic energy; Dissipation; Power of the shear stress at the wall
The energetic balance for the Rayleigh-Stokes problem of incompressible Newtonian fluids has been studied by Bühler and Zierep [1]. They showed that the energetic balance for an infinite volume of rectangular cross-section with x∈[0,l], z∈[0,1] and the boundary layer thickness corresponding to a fluid motion over an infinite plate are characterized by the relations
represent the dissipation, respectively the power of the shear
stress at the wall.
Into above relations, the fluid velocity and the non-trivial shear
stress τ ( y,t) given by
correspond to the Rayleigh-Stokes problem whose initial and boundary conditions are
u(y,0) = 0 for y > 0;u(0,t)=U fort > 0,and u(y,t)→0as y→∞.(4)
The exact expressions that has been obtained by authors for the four important entities φ , L,δ and / dEkin dt corresponding to the motion in discussion are given by
where μ and υ are the dynamic, respective cinematic viscosities of the fluid. Previous results have been extended to incompressible Oldroyd-B fluids both for the Rayleigh-Stokes problem [2] and the fluid motion due to a constantly accelerating plate [3] or induced by a shear stress on the boundary [4]. In the following we present the obtained expressions for φ , L and δ corresponding to these motions. These expressions can be easy reduced to the similar results corresponding to Newtonian, second grade and Maxwell fluids. The energy variation can be immediately obtained using Equation (1).
It is well know the fact that the Oldroyd-B fluids contain as special cases both Maxwell and Newtonian fluids. In some motions, like those to be here considered, the governing equations corresponding to Oldroyd-B fluids can be reduced to those of second grade fluids. This is the reason that we present here the general expressions of φ , L and δ corresponding to three unidirectional motions with technical relevance of incompressible Oldroyd-B fluids only.
The initial and boundary conditions corresponding to this
problem are
u(y,0) =∂1u (y,0) = 0 for y >0; u(0,t) = U for t >0 and u(y, t) → as y→∞ (6)
and the three entities φ01, L01 and 01 δ corresponding to this
motion of Oldroyd-B fluids are [2]
where β = max{α / (vt),λ / t}.Into above relations λ is the relaxation time corresponding to Maxwell fluids and α = v λr is the first characteristic module of the second grade fluids ( λr being the retardation time corresponding to Oldroyd-B fluids). Taking α = 0 or λ = 0 in Equations (7), the corresponding expressions for second grade, respectively Maxwell fluids are obtained. Making α = 0 in Equations (7), for instance, the known results from [5], Equations (27), (28) and (30) are recovered. If both α and λ are zero the Newtonian results from Equations (5) are obtained.
The solutions corresponding to this motion have been obtained
under the conditions
u(y,0) =∂1u (y,0) = 0 for y >0; u(0,t) = At for t >0 and u(y, t) → as y→∞ (8)
and the adequate expressions for the three entities are [3],
Equations (30), (33) and (35)
Into above relations the entities corresponding to Newtonian fluids are given by [3, Equation (24)]
where ρ = μ / v is the fluid viscosity. Making λ = 0 in Equations (9), for example, we recover the results corresponding to second grade fluids [6], Equations (22) and (23).
The initial and boundary conditions corresponding to this motion are
u(y,0) =∂1u(y,0) for y >0;(1+λ∂1)τ (y,t) = S at y=0 and u(y, t) → as y→∞ (11)
the adequate expressions of the respective entities are
Taking λ = 0 in Equation (11)2, it results that τ (0,t) = S and the adequate expressions for second grade fluids, as well as those for Newtonian fluids given by Equations (13), correspond to a motion induced by a constant shear stress on the boundary. In this case, the values of φ and L are smaller while the boundary layer thickness is greater for second grade fluids as compared to Newtonian fluids. Taking λ = 0 in Equations (12), we recover the results obtained in [7], Equations (37) and (41).
In this short review we provided asymptotic expressions for two characteristic entities of the energy balance and the boundary layer thickness for three motions with engineering applications of Oldroyd-B fluids. In each case, the change of the kinetic energy can be obtained using Equation (1). The exact expressions of these entities, as well as those of the adequate velocity and shear stress fields, are complicated enough to be here included. However, as it results from [2], the profiles of the exact solutions corresponding to velocity and shear stress fields of the Rayleigh-Stokes problem are well enough approximated by those of their asymptotical expressions. It is worth pointing out the fact that the asymptotic expressions that have been obtained for φ , L and δ corresponding to motions of Oldroyd-B fluids can be easy particularized to give the similar results for Newtonian, second grade and Maxwell fluids. Furthermore, a comparison between models can be easy realized. Of special interest is the power of the wall shear stress. This entity describes the energy input that is necessary to keep the medium running and a decisive question is whether it is larger or smaller than in the Newtonian case. Of course, a detailed discussion can be made for each motion but an important remark refers to the boundary layer thickness. It does not depend on the plate velocity or of the shear stress on the boundary and is largest in the case of second grade fluids.
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