Transoral Robotic Resection of Lingual Thyroid Volume 4 - Issue 2

Kalpana Nagpal*, Noor Ul Din Malik, Shaili Priyamvada, and Kamal Goyal

• Department of ENT, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, India

Received: March 02, 2020;   Published: March 10, 2020

Corresponding author: Kalpana Nagpal, Department of ENT, Head & Neck Surgery and Robotic Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi, India

DOI: 10.32474/SJO.2020.04.000181

Abstract PDF

Abbreviations: TORS: Transoral Robotic surgery; TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone; US: Ultra Sonography

Introduction

Surgical removal of ectopic lingual thyroid is indicated in symptomatic patients or in cases of suspected malignancies. An external approach is most often used but is associated with morbidity and visible scar on cervical region. In this case we utilized Transoral Robotic surgery [TORS] to excise ectopic lingual thyroid tissue. Ectopic thyroid refers to the presence of thyroid tissue in locations other than the normal anterior neck region between the second and fourth tracheal cartilages. It is the most frequent form of thyroid dysgenesis, accounting for 48-61% of the cases [1]. Lingual thyroid is a rare developmental anomaly originating from aberrant embryogenesis during the passage of the thyroid gland through the neck. Prevalence of this condition is reported to be between 1 per 100,000-300,000 persons and occur one in 4,000- 8,000 patients with thyroid disease [2]. To date, about 500 cases have been reported in the English literature mainly from Europe, Asia and America, with a small number of reports coming from Africa. Sixty-five to eighty percent of cases occurred in females [2]. Although it is difficult to detect asymptomatic thyroid ectopy, postmortem studies have suggested that 7-10% of adults may harbor asymptomatic thyroid tissue along the path of the thyroglossal duct [3]. In 1869, Hickman reported the first case of ectopic thyroid tumour of the base of the tongue, pressing down the epiglottis on the larynx and causing death by suffocation sixteen hours after birth [4]. In 1999, da-Vinci robot was developed by intuitive company in USA. It contains high magnification 3-D endoscope, endo-wristed instruments with motion scaling and tremor filtration function that help surgeons to perform endoscopic surgery with more precision, dexterity and control. conventional transoral approach has the disadvantages of limited exposure and difficulty in manipulation and hemostasis [5]. In this paper we report a case of 16 years old lady from Nepal who presented to our hospital with choking symptoms which are more during night since years. She was treated as an asthmatic and had no improvement with bronchodilators. She was referred to our center for further evaluation to rule out any ENT cause. Fiberoptic laryngoscopy lead to provisional diagnosis of lingual thyroid. She underwent excision of ectopic thyroid tissue by Da Vinci robotic surgical system. Histopathological examination confirmed lingual thyroid (Figure 1).

Case Report

A 16-year-old female presented with dyspnoea especially at night and foreign body sensation throat. The patient also had complaints of dysphagia. She had no history of either past or present thyroid disease. Upon examination, the patient presented a solid, pink, spherical mass, covered with intact mucosa, located at the base of the tongue. Examination of the neck revealed no palpable thyroid gland in the normal pre-tracheal position and no cervical adenopathy. Thyroid hormone tests showed normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations and normal FT3 and FT4 concentrations. Patient was clinically euthyroid. Ultrasonography (US) revealed a mass 5x4cm in size with distinct margins restricted to the base of the tongue and absence of the thyroid gland. A thyroid scan with technetium Tc-99m sodium was performed showing marked isotope uptake in the area of the tongue and no uptake in the neck (Figure 2).

Method

Patient was taken up for transoral robotic surgical excision of lingual thyroid tissue under
general anesthesia. The da Vinci Si surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) used.
a) Patient position is like Rose’s position of tonsillectomy. Neck is extended by sandbag under the shoulders and the head is supported on a ring.
b) Painting & draping done.
c) Docking of the robot done. Mass base of tongue visualized using 30 degree up endoscope. 4mm instruments used for dissection.
d) Maryland dissector at left hand side and spatula tip electro-cautery at right hand side.
e) Resection carried out from the anterior border of the lingual thyroid along the capsule
f) of ectopic thyroid tissue. Mass excised in toto. Hemostasis confirmed.
g) Undocking of robot done. GA withdrawn.
h) Excised tissue sent for histopathological examination.
i) Pt. kept in hospital overnight for observation. No postoperative complications.
j) Post operatively substitutive thyroid hormone replacement therapy was given.

Gross description: Multiple mucosa covered tissue pieces altogether measure 5x2x0.5cm. No ulcer or mass lesion is identified on the surface. The cut surface shows a brownish, colloid like appearance.

Microscopic description: Sections show unremarkable stratified squamous epithelial lining. The subepithelial stroma shows islands of normal thyroid follicles and few seromucinous salivary glands, with mild lymphoid cell infiltrate. There is no evidence of malignancy (Figure 3).

Conclusion: Excised swelling base of tongue - LINGUAL THYROID.

Results

TORS of ectopic lingual thyroid tissue was successfully performed with excellent functional outcomes and with decreased operating time than conventional tongue base surgeries. Less than 5 ml blood loss during surgery and stay in the hospital was less than 24 hours (Figure 4).

Discussion

Lingual thyroid is reported to be a rare congenital anomaly in the population. Asymptomatic ectopic thyroid tissue becomes symptomatic in periods of puberty, pregnancy, menopause, inflammation, and stress. Thyroid requirement increasing in these periods leads TSH level to increase and hypertrophy in the thyroid gland [8]. Approach to lingual thyroid tissue may vary according to clinical findings, but it is still debatable. Although asymptomatic cases can be followed without management for probable complications, in symptomatic cases, there are alternative treatment methods. Even though thyroid suppressive treatment conducted with the administration of exogenous thyroid hormone is a method that can be preferred in patients with minimal symptoms, it is not preferred in that it requires long term treatment. Radioactive iodine treatment and surgery are other treatment alternatives. As it is in a region difficult to access, open surgical approaches have been used in surgical treatment [9]. These surgical approaches may lead morbidity rates to increase according to the method used since they require lip, tongue, and mandibular splitting or lateral, suprahyoid pharyngotomy and long operation times and feeding with nasogastric tube, they run the risk of the development of suprahyoid pharyngotomy, hospitalization is prolonged, and there are skin scars. In order to avoid these morbidities, transoral resection techniques including Co2 laser, electrocautery, and harmonic technologies are used.
Terris et al. [10] reported that transoral minimal invasive lingual thyroid resection decreased morbidity and duration of hospitalization compared to other open approaches. Coblation assisted lingual thyroid and lingual tonsil resection techniques were used and successful results were reported [11-13]. Leitzbach et al. [12] reported successful results and low complication rates in 108 patients undergoing coblation assisted resection due to tongue root and lingual tonsil hypertrophy. However, transoral resection techniques have limited point of view and lead to difficulty in resection owing to difficulty in manipulation, which restricts their use [6]. Studies have demonstrated that as the size of the mass increases, transoral respectability of the mass decreases. The basic principles of avoiding complications in transoral tongue root resections are careful dissection in accordance with imaging methods and adequate anatomic evaluation in order to prevent lingual artery injury [14]. Transoral robotic surgery decreases the technical difficulties encountered in other transoral approaches in that it has a three-dimensional larger point of view, and manipulation is easier thanks to robotic instruments, leading to its larger use in oropharyngeal and tongue root operations [7]. Transoral robotic surgery is used in many different regions in surgical otolaryngology [15,16]. Three robotic arms, 0-degree and 30-degree high definition and 3-dimensional video instruments make it possible to overcome restriction of visualization of regions with difficult access and difficulty of manipulation. Lingual thyroid excision using this method has been described in previous studies [17,18]. The absolute local contraindication is related to the difficult exposition of the oropharynx, due to a limited opening of the mouth or the patient’s habitus. TORS for treatment of ectopic lingual goiter is feasible, requires a short learning curve, and appears to be safe [19]. In addition, the robotic surgery also has been adopted to do esthetic neck surgery with better cosmetic outcomes by hiding the scar [20].

Conclusion

TORS assisted excision of ectopic lingual thyroid is minimally invasive, feasible method. It is a safe technique with minimum morbidity and decreased operative time. In experienced hands it should be offered as valid treatment for this pathology. Studies with larger case series and longer duration of follow-up are required in order to reach a definitive conclusion on this issue.

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