Functional and Morphological Changes in Diabetic Macular Oedema: Baseline Correlations, and Changes with Pharmacological Treatments Volume 3 - Issue 1

Saker Saker*, Marco U Morales, Furat Raslan, Craig Wilde and Winfried M Amoaku

• Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom

Received:February 11, 2021;   Published:March 8, 2021

Corresponding author: Saker Saker, Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.

DOI: 10.32474/TOOAJ.2021.03.000159

 

Abstract PDF

Introduction

Several pharmacologic agents are now available for the treatment of DMO including anti-VEGF agents [1-6] and corticosteroids [1-11]. The introduction and frequency of these treatments has coincided with the introduction of less invasive investigating and monitoring systems including OCT [12-17] and fundus related perimetry, also known as microperimetry (MP) [18, 23]. OCT is now well established in the evaluation of DMO, especially with the recent advances with spectral domain models [1-27]. It has contributed significantly to our understanding of the anatomical changes of DMO and the intra-retinal damage and provides a valuable tool for the follow-up of macular oedema [14]. Carpineto, et al. [22] studied the role of MP in evaluating fixation patterns and retinal sensitivity in patients who had clinically significant macular oedema with a diffuse pattern and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, Okada, et al. [21] demonstrated a significant correlation between retinal sensitivity as measured by MP, visual acuity and foveal thickness as measured by OCT in eyes with DMO. Previous studies have also investigated the role of MP and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in evaluating outcomes in DMO treated with laser photocoagulation and micro pulse laser photocoagulation [18]. More recently, Comyn, et al. [28] reported functional and morphologic changes in eyes treated with ranibizumab or laser photocoagulation in the LUCIDATE Study. Similarly, Reznicek, et al. [29] and Kim, et al. [30] have reported functional outcomes of DMO eyes treated with anti-VEGF therapies. These available MP studies on DMO, however, used the first generation of MP technology (MP-1, Nidek Co; Japan) [18,22] where the analysis of fixation stability was not studied as a main outcome of visual function affected by DMO. A more recent study by Kim, et al. [30] used the spectral OCT/SLO system (Optos OCT SLO, Optos, Scotland).

MP allows for the exact topographic correlation between fundus abnormalities and corresponding functional alterations by integration, with different methods, of differential light threshold (more commonly known as retinal sensitivity) and fundus imaging. The Nidek MP-1 is a mesopic test that requires pupil dilation or a 5–10 min dark light adaptation before starting the examination. The Optos system relied on pupil dilatation and 15-minute dark adaptation used a fixation target in the shape of a cross of 1° size and the MP was performed with Goldmann III size dot stimuli utilising 13 stimulus points and a four to two staircase strategy [31]. More recently, Centervue (Padova, Italy) developed a 3rd generation of MP systems, the Macular Integrity Assessment (MAIA). The greatest advantage of the MAIA is the ease of the operation since it does not require mydriasis; the much lower cost compared to other instruments is an added advantage. It utilizes the Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (SLO) technology to image the retina with higher resolution (of 1024 x 1024 pixels) and a more effective eye tracker to monitor the eye movement at 25 times per second improving reliability and usability for operators and patients [18-31]. In addition, the MAIA is the only instrument that offers automatic estimates on PRL characteristics during early and late fixation [31]. This study aims to evaluate the ability of MAIA MP in detecting early changes in retinal function not only with the analysis of retinal sensitivity, but also with the analysis of fixation behaviour in eyes with DMO and investigate their correlation with central macular thickness measured with OCT and visual acuity (LogMAR) at baseline and in 3 months from commencing treatment intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies.

Methods

In a prospective, observational case series study, 23 consecutive patients with clinically significant DMO (Table 1A, 1B) presenting to the practice of WMA in the University Hospital, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, were recruited into this study from August 2013 to July 2014. This study was approved by the institutional review body (National Research Ethics Service Committee ref: 12/EM/0116; R&D ref 12OY004). Full ophthalmological assessment was done. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Subjects received intravitreal injections of ranibizumab (Novartis UK, Frimley Park) 0.5mg in 0.5ml at 4 weekly intervals times 3, and then pro re nata as per NICE TA 237. By implication, all eyes had DMO with foveal thickness of 400 microns or more. Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was evaluated by means of an Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart (ETDRS). Foveal thickness was measured with the Topcon 2000 OCT (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Age, duration of diabetes, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, duration of symptoms, history of previous laser photocoagulation, or vitrectomy were recorded. OCT examinations were analysed for vitreomacular adhesion/traction, and cystoid macular changes were quantified. All the participants were assessed for visual function with the Macular Integrity Assessment MP (MAIA MP) instrument (CentreVue, Padua, Italy). Retina sensitivity (RS) and Fixation stability were assessed with MAIA MP over the central retina (10 degrees) projecting 37 light stimuli points with a, “4-2” projection strategy. The examinations were performed at baseline and months 3 after treatment. Main outcome measures were fixation characteristics and mean retinal sensitivities. The MAIA MP images were exported into the Topcon OCT system through the Topcon import-reference-image software for the manual morphological-functional correlation analysis. As the selected MP grid map measures light sensitivity in the central 3mm of the retina, only the standard internal retinal subfields (central, inner superior, inner nasal, inner inferior, inner temporal) as defined in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) [31] were investigated. The outer OCT subfields were ignored in the current analysis. The statistical analysis was performed with linear regression, Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient and two-tailed paired t test, without correcting for multiple comparisons, using GraphPad Prism 6. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Forty-two (42) eyes of 23 patients with mean age of 65 yearsold (min = 25, max = 91) were recruited into this study. Patient characteristics including age, type and duration of diabetes, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, duration of DMO symptoms, and history of previous laser photocoagulation, or vitrectomy are summarised in Table 3 and Table 4. The duration of DMO symptoms/ presence varied from 14 to 60 (average of 30.09 months). LogMAR VAs and OCTs were performed at similar visits. At baseline, MP parameters of mean retinal threshold sensitivity (TS) (Figure 7.1) and fixation stability (FS) (Figure 7.2) demonstrated a wide range of values (TS: mean = 19.27dB, min = 0dB, max = 29.4dB) (FS: mean = 72.4%, min = 11%, max = 100%) at baseline. At baseline, the LogMAR VAs ranged from 0.0 to 0.98. The central macular thickness measured with OCT (central subfield) ranged from 244 to 841 microns at baseline. VA measurements showed higher correlation with functional MP values of TS (r = 0.617) and FS (r = 0.725), than those found with central macular thickness measured with OCT (r = 0.221). These correlations between VA and the MP parameters are presented in Figure 7.3, Figure 7.4, Figure 7.5. The correlation between TS and FS was moderate (r = 0.442), whilst correlation with DMO duration was low as shown in Table 5.

The morphological changes of macular thickness, intraretinal cysts or subretinal fluid (SRF) on OCT decreased in all internal subfields at 3 months with treatment compared to baseline values. In particular the central subfield showed a statistically significant thickness reduction from 445.3 ± 129.9 μ at baseline to 337.4 ± 107.4 μ (p = 0.01). The other OCT internal subfields changes represented in Figure 7.6, also showed statistically significant reductions in thickness (p < 0.05). Changes in intraretinal cysts and SRF also showed significant reduction at 3 months compared to baseline (p<0.05). The LogMAR VA measurements demonstrated an overall improvement over the time (Figure 7.7); however, the changes were not statistically significant (p = 0.12). The TS and FS demonstrated only slight improvements in the minimum and maximum limits as shown in Figure 7.8 and Figure 7.9 respectively the with time, which were not statistically significant (p values of 0.71 and 0.82 respectively). Table summarized the morphological and functional changes 3 months after treatment initiation. The Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient at 3 months after treatment commencement showed a higher, although moderate correlation between logMAR VA with both parametric parameters of TS (r = 0.42) and FS (r = 0.58), than the correlation shown with OCT values (r < 0.25), as demonstrated in Table 6.

Discussion

The morphological changes and VA data in our cohort confirm the clinical efficacy of treatments of DMO with intravitreal injections of ranibizumab. Okada, et al (2006) reported that eyes with DMO had reduced sensitivity as measured with the Nidek MP1 compared to eyes with normal macula. Vujosevic, [19] showed a correlation between VA and MP sensitivity in eyes with DMO. [32] reported significant correlations between CRT; the functional parameters of BCVA (in letters) and MP, at baseline and after 3 injections of ranibizumab. In the study by [30], there was no correlation between the retinal sensitivity measurements (MP and contrast sensitivity) with macular thickness measurements on OCT in eyes with DMO, although the equipment and examination strategies used were different. The integrity of the IS/OS junction (ellipsoid zone), and the outer retinal appearance on the OCT may provide adequate information. This may allow us to distinguish between thin macula, which is scarred, and which is due to resolution of oedema.

Retinal sensitivity on the Nidek MP1 improved at 12 weeks in eyes with DMO treated with ranibizumab or laser, and the improvement continued till week 48. No correlations with OCT measurements were, however, reported in that study. Our analysis at baseline demonstrates that LogMAR VA may be more correlated to functional macular parameters of threshold sensitivity and fixation stability as measured with MP than morphological changes measured with OCT. Similarly, there was better correlation between VA and macular sensitivity (TS and FS) at 3 months after treatment commencement. Macular oedema associated with retinal vascular conditions may affect central vision such that significant reduction leads to the development of eccentric fixation. Generally, ophthalmologic examinations including OCT and MP are based on patient’s ability to observe a fixation target, and adequately maintain that fixation during the examination process. If foveal function is affected, such examinations may not be accurate as fixation may not be optimally located over the foveal area, and therefore the central values reported by OCT, may represent eccentric values. The absence of significant change in functional measures of VA, and TS and FS at 3 months compared to baseline may imply that the functional loss in DMO especially of long duration may not be reversible in the short-term, as the neural disorganisation may not be reversible. This suggestion supports that of Vujosevic, et al. [19], that MP may be useful in predicting functional outcomes in eyes DMO. The DMO in our patients had been present for long duration and will support the suggested neural disruption. A larger cohort with recent onset of DMO would demonstrate better restoration of retinal sensitivity with treatment. Although the present analysis suggests a stronger correlation between the MP functional parameters with LogMAR VA, a longer follow-up with a larger sample test is needed to confirm these findings. The findings from this study demonstrate that patients with good visual acuity show highly stable fixation (P1 > 90%) due to the intact integrity of cone photoreceptors which describes good foveal vision. Okada [21] have postulated that mean retinal sensitivities measured with MP are significantly correlated to visual acuity and foveal thickness. However, the results from this analysis suggest that fixation stability may be a new important parameter to describe functional macular function. The lack of strong correlation between all the measured values, however, indicates that measurement of visual function with MP may be considered as an important tool to better diagnose retinal pathologies as part of multimodality imaging, responding to the need to combine morpho-functional information, and combining different images from different measurement technologies. Further studies are, however, needed to better understand the relationship between macular morphology and the different parameters of macular function. The main limitations of this study are the small number of patients, chronicity of DMO, and short follow-up. A larger number of patients with recent onset of DMO, followed up for a longer period will provide further valuable information on the role of MP in evaluating outcomes in the treatment of diabetic macular oedema.

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