Carbon Based Nanomaterials Volume 5 - Issue 3

Nida Tabassum Khan* and Muhammad Jibran Khan

• Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan

Received: September 08, 2020;   Published: September 17, 2020

*Corresponding author: Nida Tabassum Khan, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan

DOI: 10.32474/LOJMS.2020.05.000214

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Abstract

With the dynamic new advances and techniques, we were likewise acquainted with more up to date types of carbon, for example, graphene quantum dots, graphene oxide, fullerenes, and carbon-based nanotubes. In the realm of nanotechnology, particularly, carbon nanomaterials have been a forward leap; from tranquilize liberation to synthetics, carbon’s allotropes have demonstrated to be harder than steel and more productive than some other material.

Keywords: Graphene oxide; Carbon nanotubes; Fullerene; Biosensing; Photoluminescence; Robustness

Introduction

In the field of science and innovation, carbon-based nanomaterials are turning out to be alluring nanomaterials [1]. Because of the presence of various allotropes of carbon, from famous allotropic stages, for example, undefined carbon, graphite and precious stones to newfound favorable carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and fullerene, carbon-based materials have as of late become prized [2-4]. Each member from the carbon family shows supreme features and has been commonly employed in various normal applications including biosensing, metabolites transport, tissue building, imaging etc. [5,6]. Among all, SWCNT (single walled carbon nanotube) and MWCNT (multi walled carbon nanotube) are quite popular [7]. SWCNTs, with a round and empty nanostructure, are made by climbing a lone graphitic sheet with a high viewpoint extent [8]. On the other hand, MWCNTs contain very few graphitic layers with an interlayer separation of 3.4Angstrom [9]. Because of its exceptional mechanical, electrical and fundamental conventional assortment, it strengthens common, flexibility and electrical conductivity toward various natural components, which is useful for recognizing, clinical findings [10]. In any case, among the various allotropes of carbon, graphene is seen as the most charming material owing to its exceptional natural properties [11]. Around 70 years back, in 1947, Wallace surveyed the electronic structure of graphene [12,13]. Over the span of the latest two decades, research on graphene has massively extended, and diverse phenomenal properties have been seen [14]. Another carbon member is GQDs, which is defined as a zero-dimensional graphene sheet with an equal component of under 100 nm in one to a few layers [15]. GQDs possess great photoluminescence in view of quantum confinement [16]. Additionally, GQDs pass on sharp features of graphene, for instance, an immense surface zone and available p electrons, which make the GQDs an insightful nanomaterial for a wide extent of biomedical applications, including imaging, coordinated movement, biomolecules identifying, and so forth [17,18].

Carbon Nanotubes Biomedical Applications

Inferable from their astounding essential, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties, CNTs have been seen as another age nanoprobes [19]. Their high conductivity, engineered robustness, affectability and speedy electron-move rate make them exceedingly fit for biosensing applications such as CNTbased biosensors and optical biosensors [20,21]. CNTs have been celebrated as promising materials for improving electron move which makes them appropriate for joining electrochemical and electronic biosensors [22,23].
Examples:
a. Numerous CNT-glucose biosensors reliant on the affixation of glucose oxidase have been constructed [24]. it utilizes carbon nanotube non-woven surfaces (CNTFs) to identify glucose from a glucose oxidase-impregnated polyvinyl alcohol plan [25].
b. In another study, glucose oxidase shrouded MWCNT is used in electrochemical glucose detection [26].
c. Electrochemical biosensors dependent on CNTs have been proposed for distinguishing nitric oxide and identifying epinephrine [27].
d. Besides, 20 specific SWCNT crown stages for distinguishing human blood proteins were developed [28]. The examination revealed that the specific crown stage was fit for identifying fibrinogen with increased selectivity [29].

Graphene Oxide for Biomedical Use

e. Graphene have been comprehensively used for identification of single and twofold stranded DNA [30]. This high affectability is due to the unique ionic correspondence between the nucleobases, and the graphene carbon structure [31,32] which enables the detection of the four bases of DNA [33].
Examples:
f. A significantly consistent and returnable graphenebismuth composite device was designed for detecting glucose molecule [34].

Graphene Quantum Dots for Biomedical Application

g. GQD-based biosensors have been made for medical examination and contaminants discovery [35].
Examples:
h. Based on splendid photoluminescence and electrochemiluminescence property of GQD, they have been employed in distinguishing biological macromolecules including DNA, with improved selectivity [36,37].
i. Another GQD based biosensor namely GQD- Zr4C phosphorylated peptide conjugate was able to identify casein kinase II protein [38].
j. Similarly, pyrene-1-boronic functionalized GQD for glucose identification [39].
k. Structured Pd NPs completed N-doped GQD (NGQD) for cancer revelation [40].
l. Graphene quantum dots having an oxygen-rich surface renders it suitable for stacking drug particles [41]. The drug stacked nanoconjugate exhibited improved tissue penetration and cellular uptake which empowers major implementation both in vitro and in vivo [42].

Toxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials

Carbon nanomaterials are a novel class of materials that are commonly used in biomedical fields but they still suffer from their noxious effects on natural structures [43]. The effect of metal staining impacts in CNT could generously influence destructiveness [44]. Additionally, long CNT incited extraordinary inflammation, which caused dynamic fibrosis [45]. Inquisitively, surface functionalization of CNT initiated harmfulness in cells such as-COOH functionalized SWCNT impelled higher noxiousness appeared differently in relation to the non-functionalized SWCNT in the HUVEC cell lines [46]. Graphene has in like manner limitations to biomedical application in light of its hurtfulness [47].

Conclusions

Thus, carbon-based nanomaterials have numerous applications and has potential scope in the future.

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