Probing into Dopant Concentration Dependent Luminescence Properties of Transition Metal Mn²⁺ Activated Ca- α-SiAlON Orange-Red Phosphors Volume 2 - Issue 5

Ni J^1,2, Zhou ZZ¹, Xu XK¹, Liu Q^1,2*, Shen FR^3,4, and He LH^3,5,6**

• ¹The State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
• ²Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beijing ,China
• ³Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China
• ⁴School of Physical Sciences, Beijing ,China
• ⁵Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China
• ⁶Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, China

Received: February 29, 2020;   Published: March 11, 2020

*Corresponding author: *Liu Q, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
** He LH, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

DOI: 10.32474/MAMS.2020.02.000146

Abstract PDF

Abstract

Transition metal (TM) Mn²⁺activated Ca-α-SiAlON phosphors with compositions of Ca1-_xSi₉Al₃ON₁₅:xMn²⁺(x=0.02~0.16) have been designed and synthesized through a high temperature solid-state reaction. In the polyhedron structure of Ca-α-SiAlON host (P31c), Mn²⁺ions can be accommodated in the lattice without destabalizing the crystal structure, which has been revealed by both XRD and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) characterization. The successful doping of TM Mn²⁺in host was further confirmed by magnetic susceptibility characterization and the occupation of Mn²⁺in lattice was analyzed through Rietveld refinement of crystal structure. The slight left-shift of diffraction peaks in XRD patterns and Gaussian fitting sub-bands of emission spectra all proved that the activators Mn²⁺in Ca-α-SiAlON host not only incorporate into the “separated interstitial sites”, but also modestly substitute for Al³⁺sites. The phosphors mainly deliver orange-red emission centered at ~600nm under UV excitation, which is ascribed to the typical characteristic ⁴T₁(⁴G)→⁶A₁(⁶S) electron transition of divalent Mn^2+.The highest photoluminescence (PL) intensity arrives at x=0.12 of Mn²⁺doping concentration in compositions, then the doping concentration quenching occurs. In addition, through calculating the critical transfer distance, it indicates that the dipole-quadrupole (d-q) interaction is the major mechanism for doping concentration quenching in the phosphors. With the increment of Mn²⁺content up to x=0.12 (quenching concentration), the decay time τ decreases monotonically from 7.5 to 5.5ms, ascribed to the non-radiative energy migration among Mn²⁺ ions in the phosphors.

Keywords: Ca-α-SiAlON: Mn²⁺ phosphor; Magnetic susceptibility; Neutron diffraction; Gaussian fitting; Dipole-quadrupole interaction

Abbreviations: LED: light emitting diodes; CCT: Correlated Color Temperature; TM: transition metal; CRI: Color Rendering Index; NPD :Neutron powder diffraction; TOF: time-of-flight; GPPD: general purpose powder diffractometer; CSNS: China Spallation Neutron Source; GSAS: General Structure Analysis System; MPMS: Magnetic Property Measurement System

Introduction

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection and energy saving, LEDs (light emitting diodes) have gradually became the major source for solid-state lighting. Currently, the commercial white-LED (w-LED) devices sold on the market are using yellow-emitting phosphor (Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce³⁺ or simply YAG:Ce) with a blue chip (InGaN). The disadvantages of this device, especially for the lamp purpose, are lower Color Rendering Index (CRI, R_a< 75) and higher Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) due to lacking red light [1,2]. To make up for this drawback, researchers have tried to add red phosphors for supplementary, even using red and green phosphor mixture together with a blue chip directly [3,4], or using UV (ultraviolet) chip to excite blue, green, and red phosphor mixture [5]. Hereby, the stable red phosphors with good luminescent properties are highly required in any preparation methods.At present, the red phosphors normally utilize either trivalent rare earth ions such as Eu^3+,Pr^3+,Sm^3+,Tb³⁺as the luminous centers in sulfides [6], tungstates [7], titanates [8], powellite [9], etc., or divalent Eu²⁺in nitride M₂Si₅N₈[10] and CaAlSiN₃[11]. The chemical stability of the former phosphors is not very good, and the preparation methods of the latter phosphors are a litter difficult. On account of rich oxidation state variation and great optical properties, the transition metal (TM) Mn ions doped oxide, fluoride, sulfide, and nitride phosphors have been extensively investigated [12-31]. Mn ions as activators in varied phosphors may possess different valence states, while the most common is the divalent manganese (Mn²⁺⁾or quadrivalent manganese (Mn⁴⁺).

Due to the vibrational modes of ²Eg → ⁴A₂g transition for the ³d₃ electrons, Mn⁴⁺always shows a linear red emission in some oxides [12-15] and fluorides [16-21] with a high correlated color temperature (CCT) and low color rendering index (CRI). As for the Mn^2+, it usually shows a broad band emission from green to deep red emission owing to the electron transition of⁴T₁(⁴G) → ⁶A₁(⁶S) of Mn^2+,in which the lowest excitation level ⁴T₁(⁴G) decreases with the increase of the crystal field of host, resulting in the red-shift of emission [22,23]. Therefore, the color of emission is strongly dependent on the crystal field strength of the host lattice and the coordination number of Mn²⁺with neighboring atoms. Generally, Mn²⁺usually delivers a green emission in weak crystal-field site or with low tetrahedral coordination number [24,25], whereas it shows an orange to deep red emission on a strong crystal-field site or higher octahedral coordination number [26-31]. Namely, the crystal-field and coordination number exhibit a great effect on the emission color of phosphors. Otherwise, the stronger nephlauxetic effect from nitrides and oxynitrides can also enhance the crystal field splitting, which increases the stokes-shift and spectral-shift.Furthermore, the polyhedral oxynitride Ca-a-SiAlON (P31c) is a host material with strong nephlauxetic effect and high coordination number. It possesses an extraordinary chemical and thermal stability, for it consists of stiff three-dimensional tetrahedral [(Si,Al)(N,O)₄] networks [32,33]. Accordingly, it is proposed that the smaller Mn²⁺ion as a promising and abundant non-rare-earth dopant would lead to red emission under excitation when introduced in Ca-α-SiAlON. In the present work, single Mn²⁺activated Ca-α-SiAlON phosphors were designed and successfully prepared. The dopant’s existence and location, dopant’s concentration effect on emission, and energy transfer mechanism of Mn²⁺in Ca-α-SiAlON host have been systematically explored, using advanced magnetic susceptibility measurement, neutron diffraction characterization, et al.

Experimental Work

Synthesis of Ca- α-SiAlON: Mn²⁺ Phosphors

Mn²⁺single doped Ca-a-SiAlON powders were prepared by a solid-state reaction method. The specific composition is expressed as Ca1_-xSi₉Al₃ON₁₅:xMn²⁺and Mn²⁺doping concentrations range from 0.02 to 0.16 (x=0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16). The starting materials used in preparation of these samples were α-Si₃N₄ (SN-E10, Ube Industries, Japan), AlN (Grade A, Starck Industries, German), CaCO₃(Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, china) and MnCO₃ (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, china). The pre-weighed powders were mixed up by ball-milled method in ethanol for 12h. Then the mixture powders were dried at 80°Cfor6h. After entirely ground, the appropriate mixture powders were transferred into BN crucibles and calcined at 1600°C for 4h under N₂atmosphere in a graphite furnace at a heating rate of 5°C/min. The calcination temperature of 1600°C/4h is an optimal parameter based on our previous work. Finally, the cooled powders were ground twice for further measurements and characterizations.

Characterization and Measurements

The crystal phase of as-prepared samples were identified by X-ray diffractometer (D8 ADVANCE, Bruker, Germany) with CuK_αradiation (λ=0.1541 nm), in a 2q range of 20^o to 80^o. Neutron powder diffraction (NPD) was performed at time-of-flight (TOF) general purpose powder diffractometer (GPPD) at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). Neutron diffraction patterns were collected at room temperature with wavelength band from 0.1 to 4.9Å. The crystal structure and occupation of Mn ions in the host were refined by the Rietveld method using the General Structure Analysis System (GSAS) suite of programs. The magnetic susceptibility was tested by Magnetic Property Measurement System (MPMS, SQUID, Quantum Design, USA) to confirm the successful doping of magnetic TM Mn²⁺ions in host. The photoluminescence measurements (excitation and emission spectra, PLE and PL) of phosphors Ca1_-xSi₉Al₃ON₁₅:xMn²⁺with varied Mn²⁺concentration (x=0.02q0.16) were performed at room temperature to determine the doping concentration dependent photoluminescence properties, on a F-4600 spectrometer (Hitachi, Japan) with a 150 W xenon lamp as excitation. The decay curves of Mn²⁺lifetime values were recorded on a lifetime and steady state spectrometer (FLS 980, Edinburgh Instruments, UK), with a lifetime measurement range of 1qs q10s (μF2).

Results and Discussion

Crystal Structure of Ca- α -SiAlON: Mn²⁺ Phosphors

It has been found that all the prepared phosphors Ca1_-xSi₉Al₃ON₁₅:xMn²⁺are isostructural and crystallized in its hexagonal host Ca-α-SiAlON (P31c), as shown in Figure 1, with a standard reference XRD pattern of Ca-α-SiAlON at the bottom of the figure (JCPDS card No. 33-0261). However, among the different Mn²⁺concentration, the prepared compounds show a high-purity phase with a lower Mn²⁺doping concentration x=0.02 and 0.04. The trace of impurity phase is found when the doping concentration increases above 0.04. The impurity phase is identified as AlN and marked with “®” in(Figure1) (AlN: JCPDS card No.25-1133), which is derived from the residual incompletely reacted AlN raw material. This phenomenon reveals a quite low solid solubility of Mn²⁺ions in Ca-α-SiAlON host and the solubility plays an important role in the solid-state reaction to synthesize highly pure Ca-α-SiAlON:Mn²⁺phase at 1600°C. Theoretically, there exist two specially “separated interstitial sites” per unit cell in the α-SiAlON crystalline structure, one is a rectangle site with 0.10x 0.24 nm in two-dimensional scale and another is a circular site with a 0.15nm diameter [34]. Relative to the Mn²⁺ion radius (0.067nm in ionic radius), the interstitial site is large enough to be occupied by Mn²⁺ion.

Presuming that all the introduced small Mn²⁺ions prefer to substitute Ca²⁺sites (normally occupied at the interstitial sites) or incorporate into the unoccupied separated interstitial sites in Ca-α-SiAlON host, in this case, the XRD diffraction spectra would not be changed and lattice parameters could not be influenced. However, under accurate examination, it has been found that the XRD diffraction peaks in the selected 2θ region from 33^o to 36^ogradually shift to lower 2θ angles with increasing of Mn²⁺concentration up to x=0.16 (seen in Figure1b), implying a slight lattice expanding caused by a portion of Mn²⁺ions substituting for smaller Al³⁺(0.0535nm in ionic radius) or perhaps Si⁴⁺ (0.0400nm in ionic radius). From another angle, in Ca-α-SiAlON host, the bond length of Al-N, Al-O, Si-N and Si-O was estimated to be ~1.87 Å, ~1.75 Å, ~1.74 Å, and ~1.62 Å, respectively [35-37], while, the bond length of Mn-N and Mn-O was statistic to be ~1.86Å and ~1.79Å in some nitrides and oxides [38-41]. Therefore, Mn²⁺ions have more possibilities to replace Al³⁺sites (MnAl) rather than Si⁴⁺sites. This result further demonstrates that the introduction of more Mn²⁺ions could result in a difficult solid-solution and then hamper the reaction of AlN with other starting powders, which produced the AlN impurities ultimately.Besides, in order to further confirm the incorporation and location of Mn²⁺in its host, neutron powder diffraction (NPD) studies were performed for the compound Ca-α-SiAlON:0.12Mn^2+.Among all the prepared compounds, we selected the compound of Ca-α-SiAlON:0.12Mn^2+, because it shows the highest emission intensity under UV excitation. The NPD patterns were collected at room temperature by time-of-flight (TOF) general purpose powder diffractometer (GPPD).

In (Figure2), it shows the NPD pattern of Ca-α-SiAlON:0.12Mn²⁺, together with Bragg position, the calculated pattern, and the difference between experimental and calculated patterns. The atomic positions and occupations in the compound Ca-α-SiAlON:0.12Mn²⁺from detailed refinement results of the NPD pattern are listed in Table1, from which it can been seen that the doped emitting centers of Mn²⁺are almost occupied at Ca²⁺sitesIn addition, to confirm the successful dilute doping of Mn₂₊in Ca-α-SiAlON matrix, the magnetic susceptibility measurement, which is sensitive to magnetic TM Mn²⁺ addition, was carried out and the results of Moment-Magnetic Field (M-H) curves are indicated in(Figure3), for three comparative compounds: un-doped Ca-α-SiAlON, low-doping Ca-α-SiAlON:0.02Mn^2+,and heavy-doping Ca-α-SiAlON:0.12Mn^2+.Normally, the Ca-α-SiAlON host as a semiconductor is a type of anti-magnetic material, however, it gradually turns into a ferromagnetic material as the Mn²⁺ doping concentration increases, as shown in Figure 3. According to the magnetic susceptibility results measured at 2K and 300K for the three comparative compounds, the magnetic susceptibility change also proves that Mn²⁺ions have been incorporated into the lattice of host.

Luminescence Properties of Ca-α-SiAlON: Mn²⁺ Phosphor

The representative photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra of Ca-α-SiAlON:0.02Mn²⁺and Ca-α-SiAlON:0.12Mn²⁺phosphors are illustrated in (Figure 4)4a &4b. The excitation spectra monitored at 600nm comprise one dominant band centered at 265nm and other weak bands between 350nm to 450nm. The 265nm band is related to the band gap absorption [42] and the weak bands are ascribed to the transitions of Mn²⁺from the ground state ⁶A₁(⁶S) to excited states ⁴T₂(⁴D), [⁴A₁(⁴G), ⁴E(⁴G)] and ⁴T₁(⁴G) levels, respectively [25,43-45]. Because d-d electron transition of Mn²⁺is parity spin-forbidden, these excitation bands between 350nm to 450nm are very weak. For all the prepared compounds, two wider and stronger emission peaks are observed in PL spectra under UV light excitation of 265nm. One stronger dominant orange-red emission with a maximum at ~600nm is from the typical emission of Mn^2+,corresponding to the energy transition ⁴T₁(⁴G) →⁶A₁(⁶S) of Mn²⁺in the highly coordinated nitride and oxide host lattice [25,45-48]. Another emission band ranging from 350nm to 550nm shows a wider UV-green emission possibly assigned to the oxygen-related defects (mainly oxygen vacancy) in the host lattice. The presumed oxygen defects have elucidated and proved by the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (general purpose powder diffractometer) spectra examination in another separated work [42]. The oxygen-related defects are possibly developed in the high temperature synthesis process of phosphors in a reductive N₂environment.Otherwise, the strong orange-red emission band peaked at ~600nm is apparently asymmetry and could be divided into several emissions.

If only the interstitial sites in Ca-α-SiAlON host are substituted by Mn²⁺ions, perhaps it is expected to just show three narrow symmetrical emission bands in the luminescence spectra (depicted in Figure5a), since Mn²⁺ions occupied at lattice interstitial sites were proposed to be coordinated by seven (O,N) anions in three different M-(O, N) distances, named as Mn(1), Mn(2), and Mn(3), based on the crystal structure refinement analysis [49]. While, contrasting to Figure 5b, the orange-red emission should be better separated into four sub-bands by Gaussian fitting, which are centered averagely at 589nm, 600nm, 618nm and 650nm, respectively, demonstrating four different emission sites in the representative Ca-α-SiAlON:0.12Mn²⁺phosphor. According to the above-mentioned, the emission bands from lower energy (600 nm or 16666cm-1, 618nm or 16181cm-1, and 650nm or 15384cm-1) should originate from the Mn²⁺locating at interstitial sites, they are Mn(1), Mn(2), and Mn(3) with seven (O,N) anions coordination [49] (Figure 5). Another emission band from higher energy (589nm or 16978cm-1) might be assigned to the Mn²⁺locating at Al³⁺ sites (MnAl) with four-fold (N.O) coordination [35-37]. The Gaussian fitting results of the asymmetry emission band in the Ca-α-SiAlON:0.12Mn²⁺compound is quite similar to that in CaAlSiN₃:Mn²⁺nitride phosphors [28]. In CaAlSiN₃:Mn^2+,there is only one crystallographic site for Ca²⁺coordinated with five N and one site for Al³⁺coordinated with four N. Thus, when heavily-doping,Mn²⁺ions can occupy not only at pentahedrally coordinated Ca site (MnCa), but also at tetrahedrally coordinated Al site (MnAl) to some extent, then the asymmetry emission band is deconvoluted into two Gaussian sub bands centered at about 548nm and 627nm, respectively.

Concentration Quenching and Decay Behavior of Ca-α- SiAlON: Mn²⁺ Phosphors

The dependence of emission intensity (peaked at ~600 nm) on Mn²⁺ion concentration is given in (Figure6). The emission intensity is maximized at the Mn²⁺concentration around 12mol% and it is nearly five times of that for Ca-α-SiAlON:0.02Mn^2+,then the emission intensity diminishes with further increase of Mn²⁺content, indicating a clear concentration quenching of emission above 12mol% of Mn²⁺content. The concentration quenching phenomenon may be caused by the re-absorption of Mn²⁺ions at a higher doping level and non-radiative energy transfer between Mn²⁺and Ca-α-SiAlON host. Hence, the doping concentration dependent emission is very important for evaluating phosphors’ properties. To deeply investigate the concentration quenching phenomena of our Ca-α-SiAlON:xMn²⁺phosphors, the critical transfer distance (R_c) related to the Mn²⁺concentration quenching can be estimated from the equation as follows, on account of the mechanism of energy transfer in phosphors pointed by Blasse-formula [50, 51]:

(1)

Using this equation, V = 0.308nm3 is the volume of the unit cell of Ca-α-SiAlON, N=2 is the number of dopant in the unit cell of Ca-α-SiAlON, and xc = 0.12 is the critical quenching concentration of Mn^2+.The critical transfer distance (R_c) is calculated to be ~13.48Å, which is much longer than the typical critical distance (normally~5Å for most phosphors [52])responsible for forbidden transitions of Mn²⁺via exchange interaction. Therefore, in Ca-α-SiAlON:xMn^2+,it hardly plays any role on the energy transfer among Mn²⁺ions through exchange interaction. As a result, it is inferred that the concentration quenching does not take place via exchange interaction, while it is mainly governed by electric multipolar interaction, such as the situation in Eu²⁺doped Ca-α-SiAlON[53-54]. Except the Blasse-formula, the critical distance R_c could be also obtained from Dexter’s formula and given as follows [52,55]:

Here, R_6c represents the dipole-dipole energy transfer distance, R_8c represents the dipole-quadrupole energy transfer distance, ƒ_d = 10^-7 and ƒ_q = 10^-10are the oscillator strength for dipole-dipole and dipole-quadrupole electrical absorption transitions [56]. Then, the spectra overlap ∫ƒ_s(E)ƒ_a(E)/E⁴dE is estimated to be 0.0586eV^-5, which is extracted experimentally from the normalized excitation and emission spectra datum of our Ca-α-SiAlON:0.12Mn²⁺compound, λ_s = 6000Å is the wavelength of maxima emission peak. Moreover, Eq.(2) indicates the dipole-dipole energy transfer mechanism between Mn²⁺and Ca-α-SiAlON host, while Eq. (3) indicates the dipole-quadrupole energy transfer mechanism. According to the above formula (2), R_6c is calculated to be 5.1Å, which largely deviates from the result obtained from Blass-formula calculation result. Since the 3d electron transitions of Mn²⁺is spin-forbidden, the possibility of a dipole-dipole interaction is very small in Mn²⁺single doped host [57]. Whereas, R_8c is calculated to be 12.60Å, which is approximate to the previous datum of 13.48Å using Blass-formula calculation. Therefore, it is confirmed that the dipole-quadrupole (d-q) interaction is themajor mechanism for concentration quenching in Ca-α-SiAlON:xMn²⁺phosphors.To declare the luminescence lifetime of the produced Ca-α-SiAlON:xMn²⁺phosphors, the room temperature lifetime curves of Mn²⁺in Ca-α-SiAlON host (x=0.02 and 0.12) monitored at 600nm with 265nm excitation were measured and are displayed in (Figure 7). The decay curves could be approximately assessed using the empirical equation:

(4)

In this equation, I mean luminescence intensity; A₁ and A₂ are constants; t is testing time; τ₁ and τ₂ are the shorter and longer decay time calculated by Eq. (4). According to the above equation and our conducted computer fitting, τ₁ and τ₂ for the all prepared samples are listed in Table2. The average lifetime constant (τ) can be estimated using the equation (5):

(5)

On the basis of Eq. (5), with the increment of Mn²⁺content up to x=0.12 (concentration quenching), the decay time τ decreases monotonically from 7.5ms to 5.5msshown in Table2, ascribed to the non-radiative energy migration among Mn²⁺ions. Otherwise, the decay curves fit well with the double-exponential decay mode, further confirming that it has more than one of luminescence center sites in Mn²⁺doped Ca-a-SiAlON phosphors.

Conclusion

Transition metal Mn²⁺ single activated Ca-α-SiAlON orange-red phosphors have been successfully synthesized by solid-state reaction method. Research results on dopant concentration dependent luminescence properties of the phosphors can be summarized as follows: (1) All the prepared phosphors Ca1-_xSi₉Al₃ON₁₅:xMn²⁺are isostructural and crystallized in its hexagonal host Ca-α-SiAlON (P31c), and emission centers Mn²⁺ have been incorporated into the lattice of host with Mn²⁺mainly occupied at Ca²⁺sites, conformed by using XRD analysis, neutron powder diffraction measurement, and magnetic susceptibility characterization.(2) The prepared phosphors exhibit a dominant asymmetry orange-red emission centered at ~600nm under 265nm (UV) excitation and the asymmetry emission band is deconvoluted into four Gaussian fitted sub-bands centered at 589nm, 600nm, 618nm and 650nm, respectively, indicating four different Mn²⁺sites in Ca-α-SiAlON host. (3) It arrives the highest PL emission intensity at x=0.12 of Mn²⁺doping concentration in Ca1-_xSi₉Al₃ON₁₅:xMn²⁺ compositions, that means the luminescence quenching concentration critical value x=0.12 in the series of Ca1-xSi₉Al₃ON₁₅:xMn²⁺compounds. (4) A litter far distance (R_8c = 12.60Å) energy transfer model via the dipole-quadrupole interaction has been deduced and considered to be the major mechanism for doping concentration quenching in Ca-α-SiAlON:xMn²⁺phosphors. (5) With the increment of Mn²⁺content up to x=0.12 (concentration quenching), the decay time τ decreases monotonically from 7.5ms to 5.5ms, ascribed to the non-radiative energy migration among Mn²⁺ions in the phosphors.

Acknowledgement

Many thanks for financial supports from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFB0703203) and the Research Program of Shanghai Sciences and Technology Commission Foundation (Grant No. 18511110400).

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