Minimally Invasive Image Guided Interventions in Gynaecology and Women's Health Volume 1 - Issue 5

Dr Arindam Bharadwaz^1,2*

• ¹Senior Consultant, Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
• ²President, Danish Society of Interventional Radiology, Denmark

Received: April 05,2018;   Published: April 12,2018

Corresponding author: Dr Arindam Bharadwaz, Senior Consultant, Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

DOI: 10.32474/IGWHC.2018.01.000121

Abstract PDF

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Abbreviations: RCOG: Royal College of Obstetrics & Gynaecologists; UAE: Uterine Artery Embolisation; CPP: Chronic Pelvic Pain; PCS: Pelvic Congestion Syndrome

Introduction

Image guided interventions are increasingly being used in different fields of medicine. A large number of such minimally invasive interventions are routinely done for surgical, medical and oncological patients, besides the endovascular interventions performed for a variety of vascula r conditions and diseases. Minimally invasive image guided interventions in gynaecology are primarily embolisation procedures where supplying arteries or draining veins are occluded using different embolisation materials. The major image guided interventions are described below.

Haemorrhage

Uterine and pelvic arterial embolisation is a life saving tool for post partum haemorrhage (PPH) [1,2], post-operative bleeding including after caesarian section and hysterectomy, and for bleeding (or risk of bleeding) in abnormal placentation, post-abortion/ectopic pregnancy, trophoblastic disorders and gynaecological malignancies [3]. The embolisation techniques are minimally invasive, quick and easy to perform saves a lot of blood transfusion and patients recover early with shorter hospital stay. Most embolisations are performed through a puncture in the right and/or left common femoral artery and use 4F-5F selective catheters, co-axial micro catheters (2.4F-3F) and corresponding guide wires. Typical embolisation materials used to occlude the bleeding vessels are coils (steel, platinum, fibred or hydro gel coils), particles (uncalibrated gel foam, calibrated particles from 500-900 micron) and liquid embolic materials (Glue & Onyx). Coils and Gel foam are the most frequently used embolic agents (Figures 1-3).

Figure 1,2,3: CT scanning reveals pseudo aneurysm and active bleeding from left uterine artery after caesarian section. Patient continued to lose significant blood despite packing and re-look surgery. Hb fell significantly and patient was moribund. Angiography reveals a large active bleeding from left uterine artery embolised successfully with a micro coil. Patient had an uneventful recovery after embolisation.

Uterine Fibroids

Leiomyomas occur in 50-60% of women, rising to 70% by the age of 50 [4]. It causes pressure symptoms such urinary symptoms, heaviness, pelvic pain, infertility and obstetric complications, and in 30% of cases, cause heavy menstrual bleeding leading to anemia [5]. Effectiveness of uterine artery embolisation (UAE) in treating selected patients with uterine fibroids has been established by multiple studies. Royal College of Obstetrics & Gynaecologists (RCOG) recommends that UAE should always be considered along with surgical options [6]. UAE has similar outcome as surgery in up to a five-year follow up with no greater major complication rate [7]. On the other hand UAE is minimally invasive, can be performed on a day-care basis and thus has very short hospital stay compared to surgery, though with a higher re-intervention rate in the long term. Pre-treatment and follow up MR scanning is mandatory to diagnose, plan intervention and evaluate treatment success and rule out complications. UAE is always performed bilaterally as leiomyomas tend to have bilateral uterine arterial supply. 500-900 micron particles are used for embolisation until complete stasis of the uterine arteries. Smaller particles are usually not recommended to avoid complications such as necrosis of fibroid/ uterus. Cervical branches should also be avoided during UAE (Figures 4-9).

Figure 4,5 & 6: MR images show multiple large fibroids in uterus.

Figure 7: Bilateral uterine artery embolisation (UAE).

Figure 8: Bilateral uterine artery embolisation (UAE).

Figure 9: Significant shrinkage of fibroids after UAE.

Pelvic Congestion Syndrome (PCS)

PCS is a differential diagnosis for a patient with chronic pelvic pain (CPP), which is present in about 2-24% women from 18-50 years of age [8]. The prevalence of PCS in patients with PCC is about 10-30%, where no other obvious pathologies have been found [9]. Symptoms of PCS include CPP lasting at least 3-6 months, heaviness, pain during and after coitus, pain that can be exacerbated before or during menses, relived in supine position and can last several hours at a time. Diagnostic modalities are transvaginal color Doppler scanning, MR and contrast CT scanning. Although medical and surgical treatments are available for the treatment of PCS, pelvic venous embolisation is currently considered the best treatment available for the treatment of PCS [10]. Ovarian and pelvic vein embolisation has been recommended as the standard of care with grade 2B recommendation by Society for vascular Surgery and American Venous Forum [11]. Refluxing ovarian and iliac veins can be approached from femoral, jugular, subclavian and brachial routes, all with high technical success and low complication rates [12]. Various embolic materials have been used in embolisation for PCS including coils, foam (sclerotherapy), glue, plugs etc. However coil-embolisation and/or foam sclerotherapy are most commonly used techniques. Clinical success rate has been described from about 70-100% in various studies although there lacks a well designed larged randomised control trial [10]. Complication rate is low and minor, a majority (around 15%) of which is self limiting post-embolisation syndrome [13-15] (Figures 10-12).

Figure 10,11,12: A woman with PCS during phlebography shows large incompetent bilateral ovarian veins, particularly on the left side crossing the midline and communicating with each other. Successful embolisation of both ovarian veins with macro-coils.

Conclusion

The role of minimally invasive image guided interventions in gynaecology is constantly evolving and is best defined in a multidisciplinary setting where decisions for interventions are jointly taken by the gynaecologist and the interventional radiologist. Many of the procedures can be performed under local anaesthesia or conscious sedation, in a day care basis in a minimally invasive manner with short hospital stay and very low complication rate. Most complications are minor and are either self limiting or require minimal medication/therapy. The role of image guided intervention in gynecology and women's health can be life saving, assisting in surgery by decreasing vascularily and blood loss in the operating field or significantly improve symptoms and quality of life.

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