Cement Slabs and Pavers with Incorporation of Waste Selective Collection the City of Blumenau, SC Volume 3 - Issue 4

João Marcos Bosi Mendonça de Moura¹, Rafael Reis², Samantha May²* and Ivone Gohr Pinheiro¹

• ¹Department of Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Regional University Foundation of Blumenau, Brazil
• ²Department of Civil Engineering Course, Regional University Foundation of Blumenau, Brazil

Received: September 29, 2019;   Published: October 31, 2019

*Corresponding author: Samantha May, Department of Civil Engineering Course, Regional University Foundation of Blumenau, Brazil

DOI: 10.32474/LTTFD.2019.03.000168

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Abstract

This project analyzed the physical-mechanical performance of plates and pavers with the incorporation of waste originated from the sorting process in the city of Blumenau, SC, Brazil. The waste consisted of organic waste, polymers, paper, glass and textile materials which were reduced in size (2.4mm to 19.0mm) and then used to replace natural aggregate at different ratios: 5%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The consistency of the fresh mortar and the physical-mechanical indices, the apparent specific gravity, water absorption and compressive strength of the hardened mortar were determined. Scanning electron microscopy analysis and flexural strength tests were also conducted. The bulk density of the plates and pavers ranged from 0.8 to 1.6g.cm-3 and 1.78 to 1.84g.cm-3 respectively. In the case of low incorporation of waste, both materials presented water absorption results that meet the requirements of correlated standards. The plates presented compressive strength values ranging from 4.7MPa to 14.6MPa. Flexural strength results reached values between 0.1MPa and 1.8MPa. The pavers achieved compressive strength values between 10.8MPa and 18.7MPa. Pavers with 5% incorporation of waste aggregates could be used in sidewalks and curbs, as long as future studies are able to demonstrate their durability.

Summary

Analisou the physical-mechanical performance of slabs and pavers with the incorporation of tailings from the selective collection of the municipality of Blumenau, SC. Such tailings are composed of organics, polymers, papers, glass and textiles, which have been reduced in size (2.4mm to 19.0mm) and have replaced the natural fine aggregate by 5%, 10%, 20% and 30%. %. For the composite in the fresh state the consistency index was verified, and in the hardened state apparent specific mass, water absorption and compressive strength were determined. The plates were subjected to flexural strength testing and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The apparent specific mass of the plates ranged from 0.8 to 1.6g.cm-3 and the pavers from 1.78 to 1.84g.cm-3. For smaller amounts of incorporated tailings, both materials presented water absorption rates that meet the requirements of related standards. The plates presented compressive strength values ranging from 4.7 MPa to 14.6MPa. In flexion, the values reached were from 0.1MPa to 1.8MPa. The pavers achieved compressive strength values between 10.8MPa and 18.7MPa. Pavers with 5% incorporation of tailings aggregates would be applicable to sidewalks and curbs as long as future studies guarantee their durability.

Keywords: Recycling; Waste building materials; Waste Construction materials

Introduction

The challenges in solid waste management, despite all the advances, are still present, and among them, we can highlight the goal of expanding the selective collection and, consequently, the incentive for recycling, reuse and recovery of municipal solid waste [1]. However, this expansion is not always accompanied by structures capable of absorbing potentially (re) usable materials and an environmental awareness of the population as to what should effectively be directed to selective collection. Not infrequently, these situations generate a significant amount of waste in the selective collection of Brazilian municipalities, that is, a large amount of waste that, after exhausting all treatment and recovery possibilities, presents no other possibility than the final disposal [2,3], for example, noted that in Blumenau, Santa Catarina, the municipality’s Association of Recyclable Materials Workers (Reciblu) rejected from December 2014 to November 2015 approximately 345t.
In this context, technological alternatives that promote the inclusion of tailings in a production chain can mitigate the use of natural resources and reduce public spending on final disposal. Studies recognize that the incorporation of these wastes and tailings in cementitious materials can reduce costs and promote environmental benefits [4-6]. Thus, what is observed in the scientific literature is a significant amount of studies with concretes and incorporation of polymeric residues. Recyclable waste (PET, PP, EPS, paper and glass) was incorporated into cementitious slabs by [7]. In this study, the flexural strength for plates composed by the ratio 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 (residue: mortar) was determined, resulting in 1.0, 1.4 and 1.7MPa, respectively.
In the compressive strength tests, composites with recyclable waste from selective collection were tested by applying NBR 5739 (ABNT, 2007). The study identified, for a ratio of 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 (residues: mortar), values of 4.02, 3.55 and 4.36MPa respectively. By comparing the contents of products already sold in the market, the authors concluded that the plates could be applied to vertical and horizontal seals (liners) residences [8], when studying the mechanical behavior of concrete with recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET), used water-cement ratios in the range of 0.5 to 0.6. The results indicated a relationship between PET volume and particle size with physical and mechanical parameters. As the presence of PET increased, the workability of the composite was reduced, as well as mechanical parameters such as compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. In contrast, water absorption increased due to the increased porosity that the residue provided.
Similarly, [9] studied the effects of replacing the aggregate with recycled PET. Properties of fresh concrete as well as hardened concrete were evaluated. The results showed that fresh concrete with PET particles has lower workability and specific mass. Ultrasonic tests revealed a relatively more porous structure for concrete containing PET particles. These PET particles can impair the adhesion between cementitious paste and aggregates, causing a decrease in the mechanical performance of composites [10]. Also, according to Sharma and Bansal [11], most studies that work with cement composites observed that the addition of polymers reduces the compressive strength. However, some studies report that incorporation of fiber-shaped polymers has resulted in increased compressive strength when added in relatively small amounts [12,13].
Moreover, it is emphasized that the influence of these residues occurs in different degrees for different mechanical efforts. For example, studies show a greater negative impact on compressive strength than flexural strength when incorporating waste in place of the natural fine aggregate [13,14]. Considering these aspects, the objective of this article was to evaluate the performance of two construction materials with the incorporation of selective waste collection that have different mechanical efforts; the first is cementitious slabs, for which flexural strength is a major factor for their adequate mechanical performance; and the second, the pavers, whose compressive efforts are decisive for their viability.

Methodology

The natural fine aggregate used in cement seal boards and pavers was replaced by tailings aggregates from the selective collection of Blumenau, SC. Once collected, the tailings aggregates were treated (ground) to reduce their size. The following describes the characterization of the tailings aggregates used, composites production traces and procedures, and the physical and mechanical tests performed.

Tailings Aggregates

The tailings used and resulting from the process of segregation of solid waste from blumenauense selective collection were organic (food, packaging with predominance of liquid / organic material, personal hygiene material, degraded and moistened papers), polymers (packaging), paper , glass (packaging) and textiles (shirts, jeans, underwear, etc.). These categories represent on average 78.3% of the selective waste collection in Blumenau, SC [3]. The compositions of the tailings aggregates are expressed in Table 1. They were determined from the study by [3] which performed eight analyzes, totaling a sample of 400kg of tailings in January 2015. It was generated the gravimetric composition with 17 categories, among which 5 were selected to be incorporated into the materials.

Three tailings mixtures were applied. The first composition (C1) covered the maximum categories that are judged prior to be viablein corporated: organic, polymers, papers, glass and textiles, and was named C1. Composition 2 (C2) included all classes of composition C1, but without the presence of organics, and composition 3 (C3) contained only the discarded polymers from selective collection. The tailings used were mixed with the others and were segregated at RECIBLU in different months (March, April and May 2015).
It was decided to reduce the volume of glass waste in the machine Los Angeles considering the studies by Moura and Matos [14] and Oliveira, Brito and Veiga [15]. The size reduction process was carried out with abrasive loads (12 steel balls) over a period of 10min to 45min (depending on the desired grain size of the sand) and at 24rpm rotation. Once the glass waste was transformed into glass waste aggregate, it and natural sand were subjected to determination of particle size distribution (Figure 1), which was within the ranges recommended by NBR 7211 (ABNT, 2009) and ASTM C33 [16]. The non-vitreous tailings aggregates (those classified as “organic”, “polymers”, “papers” and “textiles”) were ground in a knife mill. In this way, particle size tailings between 2.4mm and 19.0mm were obtained (Figure 2). Non-vitreous tailings were subjected to the loose state unit mass test determined by NBR NM 45 (ABNT, 2006a).

Traces

In Table 2 it is possible to see a synthesis of the percentage of substitution of natural fine aggregate (sand) by tailings aggregate in each construction material worked. The cementitious plate with and without incorporated tailings aggregate was performed in 1: 1 ratio (cement: aggregate) by mass. The pavers without incorporation reject aggregate were manufactured in the ratio 1: 3 and the incorporation ratio of 1: 1 (cement: aggregate) by mass. The CP V-ARI type cement and the water / cement factor of 0.5 were used in both composites, based on studies by Albano et al. [16] and Rahmani et al. [17], who researched cementitious materials with incorporation of polymeric waste.

Production of Composite

Cement plates

The cement plates and cylindrical specimens were prepared in a mechanical mixer. For each trait were made plates with dimensions of 330x100x12,5mm, as also worked Moura and Matos [7]. Cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 50mm and a height of 100mm [18] were used. In all 30 plates and cylindrical specimens were made to contemplate the three tailings compositions (C1, C2 and C3) and the incorporation percentages (0%, 5%, 20% and 30%). The tailings used for the same trait were collected in different months, March, April and May 2015, generating a triplicate experiment to ensure reproducibility (Figure 3).

pavers

The mixture of components pavers was first made placing the natural fine aggregate, cement and mixing water being added after the aggregates tailings, mixing the grout until homogeneous present. The pieces were made in a single layer, with commercial dimensions of 220x110x60mm. The dosage material was placed in the steel form of the apparatus, greased with a thin layer of vegetable oil, and then compressed. After pressing (Figure 4), they were removed from the machine and subjected to dry curing, as well as the cementitious plates.

Tests

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In the fresh state, the consistency index of the cementitious plates was determined (ABNT, 2005b).
In the hardened state the plate andimmersion water absorption test paver was performed using three specimens for each of the compositions on the 26th and 25th day of cure respectively. The procedures were adopted as defined in NBR 9778 (ABNT, 2005a) with adaptation regarding the temperature inside the greenhouse. In this case, the temperature was reduced due to the presence of the tailings. Thus, the boards and pavers were oven dried at 70 °C. Water absorption was determined on the plates and the saturated flexural strength test was performed at 28 days of cure. In this test a displacement speed of 1.3mm / min was applied. The bearing and load application points are illustrated in Figure 5, and the resistance calculation was based on ASMT procedures [18].

Results and Discussion

Unitary mass in loose state - non-vitreous aggregates

On average the unit masses found from tailings C1, C2 and C3 were 66kg/m³, 50kg/m³ and 56kg/m³ respectively (Figure 6). The results of the loose mass unit mass of non-vitreous tailings aggregates showed a significant difference between C1 and C3 for May (Figure 6). In the remaining months, the unit masses did not present statistically significant difference. C3 polymers showed a significant difference between April and May (Figure 6), indicating different types of polymeric tailings from one month to another.

Consistency Index consistency

The index is expressed as the means of each composition (C1, C2 and C3) versus the percentage of tailings incorporation in the cementitious plates (Table 3). There is an important change regarding the mortar consistency index, noting that it decreases as the incorporation of tailings in the composite increases, approaching the center value. Such phenomenon indicates loss of mortar consistency as tailings are incorporated, which corroborates the results of Albano et al. [8], Rahmani et al. [9] and Saikia &Brito [19].

There was a decrease between 8% and 59%, 17% and 54% and 38% and 52% for mortars with C1, C2 and C3 respectively. According to NBR 13276 (ABNT, 2005b), a standard coating mortar has a consistency index of 255±10mm. These values were achieved in mortar with 5% incorporation of type C2 tailings aggregate, which achieved the highest compressive strength in the test pavers.

Apparent specific apparent specific

The mass of the tailings incorporation plates decreases significantly compared to those without tailings incorporation (SI) (Table 4). Such behavior is due to the fact that the tailings have a specific mass smaller than the substituted natural minute aggregate (sand). This decrease in specific mass ranged between 16% and 58% in relation to the plates without incorporation of tailings. There was a statistical difference in the specific mass when the type of tailings (C1, C2, C3) was changed to the same amount incorporated (5% and 20%). All composites with incorporation had an apparent specific mass below 1.7g.cm^-3 of the cement-based cementitious slabs marketed in the national market [20,21]. The average apparent specific mass of pavers without tailings aggregates was 2.00g.cm^-3, while pavers composed of type C1 tailings (organic, polymers, papers, glass and textiles) and C2 (polymers, papers, glass) and textiles) varied with averages between 1.84g.cm^-3 and 1.78g.cm^-3 and 1.81g.cm^-3 and 1.78g.cm^-3 respectively (Table 5). A significant decrease was observed between the trait without incorporation and traits with 10% tailings of composition C1.

Water Absorption by Immersion

In the water absorption test performed on the plate the traces with 5% and 20% of tailings aggregate incorporated in substitution to the natural aggregate met the limit specification given by NBR 15498 (ABNT, 2007) for fiber cement plates. without asbestos (Table 6). Plates with 30% C1 and C2 tailings showed significantly higher absorption than plates without tailings aggregate. Their average results were approximately double that of the plate without tailings aggregate (SI) (Table 6). No significant differences were observed between the first incorporations (0%, 5% and 20%). Albano et al. [8], who studied concretes with PET, also observed that water absorption is lower in composite with less waste. Waste reduction promotes lower porosity. Moreover, according to the same study, polymer particle sizes influence water absorption values, so that the larger their dimensions, the greater the water absorption. Porrero et al. [22] state that these results are caused because waste / tailings, when crushed, acquire a relatively longer and flatter shape, which promotes the emergence of voids. In this case also a reduction in the volume of tailings aggregates may decrease porosity and water absorption.

In the case of pavers it is observed that there was no significant increase as the amount of tailings aggregate (A) or the type of tailings aggregate (a) changes (Table 7). For the trait with C1, for incorporations of both 5% and 10%, as the percentage of incorporated tailings increased, there was an increase in the average value of water absorption of 6.8%. to 8.4%. In the trace with C2, for 5% and 10% of tailings incorporation, the values were close, resulting in 6.9% and 7.1% of water absorbed respectively. Costa Gumieri & Brandão [23], when analyzing mortar blocks with the incorporation of iron ore tailings, observed that the water absorption of the traces produced with the tailings showed absorption rates very close to the reference blocks at 28 days of age. used in your search. They found that continuous particle size with lower voids consequently leads to lower absorption. In the present research, discontinuous distribution and increased presence of tailings did not significantly influence water absorption rates.

Simple Compressive Strength

Table 8 shows the average simple compressive strength of cylindrical specimens composed of the same mortar used in the cementitious plate. Significant reduction in simple compressive strength was observed between composites without tailings and composites with 30% tailings of composition C1 and C2. For the same incorporation percentage, the change of tailings type did not generate significant difference between the results. Moura & Matos [7], by applying the same test on mortars with recyclable waste from selective collection (PET, PP, EPS, paper and glass), reached values of 4.36MPa for a ratio of 1: 4 (residues: mortar). In this sense, the plate with 30% of sand replaced by tailings has an equivalent ratio of 1: 5.6 (tailings: mortar) and therefore achieved a superior compressive strength of 6.3MPa, 4.7MPa and 6.1MPa. for composite with tailings type C1, C2 and C3 respectively.
The average compressive strength results of pavers tailings compared to the paver tailings show a reduction of 62% to 76% in pavers type C1 tailing sand from 60% to 77% in pavers. tailings aggregate type C2 (Table 9).

There was a significant difference between the traits without tailings and with 10% tailings of composition C1. Two important observations can be drawn from these results: (a) in the case of pavers C1 tailings the incorporation of tailings decreased the compressive strength; and b) the traits with tailings incorporation stand out the one with the lowest tailings content (5%), whose specimens presented resistance values of 18.03±2.9 MPa (w/C1 tailings) and 18.73±3.9MPa (w/C2 tail). Note that these values are lower than those recommended by NBR 9780 (ABNT, 2013), of 35.0MPa, for use in line commercial vehicle traffic areas. However, there is a potential use of these pavers with the resistance below this limit, given that some studies and municipalities have accepted sidewalks and curbs with characteristic resistance of 15MPa [24,25].

In this context, the composite developed with 5% incorporation is applicable to sidewalks and curbs, with the exception that the resistance does not meet the limit of NBR 9780 (ABNT, 2013). Durability aspects should be considered, but not within the scope of this study. Another aspect that can be observed about composites was related to their behavior when submitted to compression rupture. It was observed that during load application the breakage of pavers without tailings aggregates was characterized by the appearance of cracks and composite disintegration, whereas this was not the case with pavers with tailings aggregates. This corroborates the observations of Moura & Matos [7], who state that polymeric and fibrous materials tend to decrease composites brittleness and increase ductility.

Flexural strength - cement plates

In cementitious plate the results of the flexural strength test decrease as the tailings are incorporated. Values below 1 MPa are noted from the 20% replacement of sand by tailings (Table 10). It is noted that the reference plate (SI) reached 2.0MPa. For the plate without tailings incorporation, the average strength reductions ranged from 10% to 90% for C1 tailings composites, from 50% to 95% for C2 tailings composites and from 25% to 80% for C3 tailings composites. Significant differences were observed between the results of the 30% C2 tailings plates and those of the 0% tailings plates. For plates with different types of tailings but equal incorporation rates, no significant differences in flexural strength were observed.

Studies such as Albano et al. [18], who researched concrete plates with incorporation of PET bottle particles (average size of 1.14cm), obtained flexural strength equal to 1.5MPa for the same w/c ratio of the present study (0.5) and with 11% incorporation of PET in relation to the aggregate mass. Thus, the traits with 5% incorporation achieved similar resistance, even without natural large aggregates. It is also a benefit to not only use PET, whose use technologies are already consolidated. Nevertheless, selective waste is used, which does not necessarily have available and economically viable recycling techniques.
Comparing the results obtained with 5% incorporation of tailings aggregates for slabs and pavers, it is observed that the reductions in the flexural strength test are relatively smaller than the differences observed between the composites with and without tailings in the resistance test. compression. Such behavior is corroborated by other studies [25,26]. Batayneh Marie & Asi [14] also state that incorporations of polymeric and vitreous residues in cementitious matrix composites negatively impact flexural strength less than compressive strength. This indicates a tendency to use composites with tailings aggregates in structures that mainly need to ensure resistance to bending stresses [27-36].

Scanning electron microscope

Analysis SEM analysis showed that at the interface between the cement paste and the fibrous tail there is the appearance of cracks (Figure 7), which may influence the decrease of the flexural strength of the plates [37-40]. Opening voids can also cause a significant increase in water absorption if these cracks generate water permeable pores [10]. It is also observed that the bonding relationship between cementitious paste and fibrous waste does not appear to be uniform among the different types of materials [41-43]. Observing Figure 8, it was again found that in fibrous particles (Figure 8A) the adhesion appears to be more fragile due to the reduced contact between the tailings aggregate and the cementitious paste. However, between the paste and the polymeric waste there is greater contact (Figure 8B). This behavior of cement paste on fibrous residues and polymers has also been studied by Moura & Matos [15], which corroborate these results.

Conclusion and Recommendations

A reduction in the apparent specific mass of was observed pavers as the incorporation of waste from selective collection was increased. This behavior is linked to the specific mass of the tailings, which is smaller than that of sand. Regarding the absorption of water by immersion, there was a tendency to increase as the percentage of incorporated tailings increased. This may indicate reduced material durability as the tailings are incorporated (Figure 9). From a mechanical point of view, pavers can be applied to sidewalks and curbs. Nevertheless, further studies are recommended to continue the evaluation of pavers, reducing the size of tailings aggregates and addressing durability aspects. In the plates it was observed that the negative impact of tailings aggregates is greater in compressive strength than in flexural strength [44]. This behavior indicates that it would be advisable for tailings aggregate composites to be used in vertical/horizontal seals, where compression stresses are not predominant. In the scanning electron microscopy analysis, it was observed that in the transition zone the fibrous tailings aggregates have less adherence with the cement paste (Table 11). These types of tailings may be responsible for significant reductions in mechanical parameters [45,46]. Future research is recommended to reduce the incorporated tailings volume as well as its size, thus making it possible to optimize mechanical indexes and material durability.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Capes), for the master’s scholarship of the first author, and to the Municipal Autonomous Water and Sewer Service (Samae) of Blumenau, SC, for supporting the research through an agreement signed with the Regional University Foundation of Blumenau (Furb). We also thank the volunteer undergraduate researcher Juan Peres de Oliveira for his help in the laboratory.

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