Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Solenostemma Argel: A Medicinal Plant Volume 2 - Issue 3

Hatim MY Hamadnalla* and Mohamed M El Jack

• Department of Biochemistry, College of Applied Sciences, University of Bahri, Sudan

Received: April 01, 2019;   Published: April 12, 2019

Corresponding author: Hatim MY Hamadnalla, Department of Biochemistry, College of Applied Sciences, University of Bahri, Sudan

DOI: 10.32474/OAJESS.2019.02.000141

 

Abstract PDF

Abstract

The main objectives of the present paper were to verify antibacterial activity of Solenostemma argel a medicinal plant used in folk medicine in Sudan for cure of many diseases. Five solvents with grade polarity were used to extract Solenostemma argel (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and distilled water). These different plant extracts showed the presence of flavonoid, saponin and cardiac glycoside. Solenostemma argel leaves extracts were subjected to antibacterial assay using cup-plate agar diffusion method against one Gram positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and one Gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Four extracts except petroleum ether showed clear inhibitory action against both bacteria. The antibacterial activity is due to presence of phytoconstituents as saponin and flavonoid in different plant extracts which confirmed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).

Keywords: Solenostemma argel; Phytochemical Screening; Antibacterial Activity

Introduction

Plants have traditionally served as man’s most important weapon against pathogens. Several plant species are used as source of medicine as direct therapeutic agents. Digdoxin, strophanthin, morphine and atropine are still unsurpassed in their respective field. Plants also are used as starting materials for manufacturing of drugs, example saponin ingredient, which chemically altered to produce sapogenins; necessary for manufacturing of steroid drugs. Plants can also serve as precursors for substances that can be used as model for the production of new synthetic compounds; for example cocaine for coca nut plants. Erythroxylum coca has served as model for the synthesis of a number of local anesthetics drugs; such as procaine.

The important medicinal plants are mostly extracted from herbs, shrubs and even trees. Herbs are defined as small plants with soft stem (People have discovered the benefit of using plants for medical purpose along time age [1]. An estimated large population of half billion people, mostly in the third world use medicinal plants in various traditional ways [2]. Herbal medicine is becoming popular now a day. Simply because they are available, cheap and have no side effect, on one hand. In addition, the massive poor population cannot afford the expensive and sometimes infective imported medicine available in the market [2].

The Sudan is a large country with varied topography and different ecological conditions. These factors have created suitable condition for the growth of a large number of various species and varieties of plants of which a high percentage are of medical value [3]. for the majority of people in the Sudan traditional medicine remains the main sources of health care, or even the only; specially in remote rural area. In many parts of the world herbal medicine has been shown to have utility and that about 80% of the rural population depend on them as their primary health care [2]. Various herbal plant parts were used for curing different disease with remarkable success. Among the enormous number of these medicinal plants is Solenostemma argel, which belong to the family Sclepiadacea. Extract from the leaves of S. argel was used for treatment of Diabetes mellitus and renal inflammation (El Shazali, 1994). Other uses of S. argel are purgative, antipyretic, for treatment of cough, colds, renal and colic, and inflammation as well as treatment of chaplains, internally. Externally the powder of S. argel leaves is claimed to treat inflammatory wound (El Shazali, 1994). It is leaf is reported to be rich in saponin, flavonoid and gylcoside [4,5] which showed a clear positive antimicrobial activity [6]. The problems of unavailability of pharmaceutical drugs in remote and rural areas, fake drugs and increasing rate of resistance of bacteria to available medicine have led to the initiation of such work.

The main objective of this work is:

A. To carry out research and laboratory work to obtain information about antibacterial activity of the Sudanese medicinal plant.

B. To verify the clinical of certain Sudanese medicinal plants used in traditional medicine as antibacterial agent.

C. To determine most potent agent by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

D. To select the most potent antibacterial extract and to subject it to further microbiological studies and test it against pathogenic bacteria.

Materials and Methods

Plant materials

Leaves of S. argel were obtained from Attarat El timan shop in Omdurman and were identified at the herbarium of Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum.

Microbial cultures

The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from stool samples of patients in Khartoum Teaching Hospital were used for determination of antimicrobial activities. The organisms were maintained on blood agar slopes and sub cultured for 24 hours before used.

Extraction

The dried leaves were milled in to a fine powder, using a Waring Blender (Mill MX 391 N). The ingredients of the powdered leaves (100g) were then extracted with four different solvents of grade polarity petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol 80% and distilled water exhaustively in a soxhelt apparatus. From the yield of the four extracts, three dilutions were prepared (100, 200 and 300 mg/ml). Other (50g) of S. argel powdered leaves were then extracted with 200 ml distilled water in Soxhlet extractor apparatus. The extracted was sterilized using membrane filtration unit (Sartorius). The resulting sterile filtrate was a specially transferred in to labelled sterile bottle.

Testing Bacterial Sensitivity

The cup-plate agar diffusion method (Kavangh 1972) was adopted to assess the antibacterial activity of the prepared extracts. Two ml of isolated bacteria suspension were mixed with 200 ml of nutrient agar and kept at 40 ˚C. 20 ml aliquots were poured in to sterile petri dishes. The agar was left to settle and then from each of the plates, four cups (5 mm in diameter) were cut using a sterile cork borer (No.4) and agar discs were removed. Cups were filled to 2/3 of their depth with the prepared extract using standard Pasteur pipette, and allowed to diffuse at room temperature for one hour. The plates were then incubated in the up-right position at 37˚C for 18 hours. For each extract there were three replications for each tested bacterium.

Results

In the present study, the five extracts of S. argel leaves extracted by distilled water, ethanol 80%. Chloroform, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether solvents were screened for antibacterial activity on Gramm positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and Gramm negative bacterium Escherichia coli. It was observed that S. argel exhibited anti-bacterial activities. Apart from the extracts of petroleum ether the other four extracts from the leaves of S. argel showed clear inhibitory activities against both bacteria (Table 1).

The degree of antibacterial activity was classified as low, medium or high depending on the diameter of the inhibition zones. These zones diameters developed as a result of the amount of the herbal extract, the concentration of the active ingredient in the inoculums, and the resistance of the bacteria to antibacterial constituent in the extract. Phytochemical screening and TLC separation in this study, seams to confirm the above finding, and prove the presence of phytochemical components: Saponin, flavonoid and cardiac gylcoside (Table 2).

Discussion

The antibacterial activities exhibited in the four extracts from S. argel on both bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli could be due to the presence of phytochemical components composed of saponin, flavonoid and cardiac glycoside (Tables 1 & 2) [1] reported similar results. He proved that certain plant constituent such as alkaloid, tannin; saponin and flavonoid were associated with antibacterial activities. These results also agreed with the findings of Rose (1980) and [6], who reported different inhibitory effect of the above-mentioned components against bacteria and fungi. The inactivity of the petroleum ether extracts from S. argel leaves observed in this study could be due to the fact that the chloroform used in the extraction process might have removed the compounds which act as soluble agents for the active constituents in the petroleum ether extracts. Another possibility, which might explain this loss of activity, could be the synergetic action of more phytochemical components present in different extract fractions.

The low antibacterial activity showed by S. argel extracts which has due to the resistance of the bacteria to the antibacterial constituent in the extract agreed with the findings of Sowofora [7], who reported resistance of these bacteria to many pharmaceutical drugs particularly the clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus which showed a clear resistance to benzyl penicillium. This was found to be due to the production of β-lactam ring. The phytochemical screening and TLC separation in this result has confirmed and complemented the results of Khalid et al. [5], who proved the presence of antibacterial ingredient such as kaempferol, cardiac glycoside; and those of Maharn (1967) and El Fishawi [4] who also proved the presence of the above-mentioned compounds as well as quercetin [8,9]. However, further detailed investigations are required for complete chemical identification of active constituents of S. argel needed to produce new antibacterial agent from the plants.

Discussion

1. Mitcher IA (1975) Antimicrobial agents from higher plants. In: Recent Advantage in Phytochemistry pp. 194.
2. World Health Organization (WHO) (1978) The promotion and development of traditional medicine, technical report series number 622. Geneva, Switzerland.
3. Medani BA (2010) Toxicological Studies of Sudanese Plants Acacianilotica, Solenostemma argel and Cymbo pogenproximus.
4. El Fishawi AM (1977) Phytochemical study of Solenostemma argel growing in Egypt. Journal of African Medicinal Plants 1: 1.
5. Khalid SA, Kalman S, Istvan N (1974) Studies on Sudanese plant Solenostemma argel (Hyne). Herba Hungrica 3: 3.
6. El Hady, FKA Hegazy, AG Ata, N and El Nabawy ML (1994) Studies for determining antimicrobial activity of Solenostemma argel (Del). Hyne Science Journal 14: 138.
7. Sofowora EA (1982) Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. John Wiley and Sons Chickester pp.198.
8. EL Ghazali MG (2010) The pollen flora of the Sudan. pp. 347.
9. Harborne JB (1998) Phytochemical Methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Chapman and Hall.