Energy Technologies in the Transition Period between the Fossil and Renewable Eras

Volume 3 - Issue 2

Yousef SH Najjar*

Received: July 02, 2019;   Published: July 19, 2019

DOI: 10.32474/OAJESS.2019.02.000159

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Abstract

The scarcity of conventional energy resources rises in the fuel prices and harmful emissions from the burning of fossil fuels have made power generation from conventional energy sources unsustainable and unviable. It is envisaged that the supply–demand gap will continue to rise exponentially unless it is met by some other means of power generation. Inaccessibility of the grid power to the remote places and the lack of rural electrification have prompted for alternative sources of energy until a developed stage of using renewable energy is mature and economical. Until then, a significant research and development is needed in the field of innovative use of hydrocarbons and energy efficiency, such as:

I. Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization (CCSU) technologies.

II. Conversion of gas to liquids and chemicals (GTL).

III. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) technologies.

IV. Fuel Cell and Hydrogen (FCH).

V. Intelligent Energy Management (energy storage).

VI. Repowering and retrofitting.

VII. Hybrid Power Generating Systems (fossil and renewable sources).

VIII. Green Refinery Processes and Systems.

Keywords: Carbon Capture; Conversion of Gas to Liquid; CNG and LNG; Fuel Cell and Hydrogen; Energy Storage; Repowering and Retrofitting; Hybrid Power; Green Refinery

Abbreviations: CAES: Compressed Air Energy Storage, CCSU: Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization, CNG: Compressed Natural Gas, CSP: Concentrated Solar Power, DHC: District Heating and Cooling, FCH: Fuel Cell and Hydrogen, FT: Fischer-Tropsch, GTH: Gas to Hydrate, GTL: Gas to Liquids, HRSG: Heat- recovery steam generators, HRES: Hybrid renewable energy system, ISCCs: Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Power Plants, LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas, NGCC: Natural Gas-Fired Combined Cycle, PFBC: Pressurized fluidized-bed combustor

Abstract| Introduction| Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization (CCSU) Technologies| Conversion of Gas to Liquids and Chemicals (GTL)| Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): An Alternative to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)| H2 and Fuel Cells| Intelligent Energy Management| Repowering and retrofitting of Fossil Fuel Power Generation| Hybrid Power Generation Systems| Green Refinery Processes and Systems| Water Treatment Plant| Conclusion| Acknowledgment| References|