Daniellia Oliveri Leaf Extract: A Review on The Effect on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Caeca Microbial Population and Blood Profile of Broiler Chickens Volume 4 - Issue 2

Alagbe JO*

• Department of Animal Science, University of Abuja, Nigeria

Received: January 03, 2021;   Published: January 21, 2021

Corresponding author: Alagbe J O Department of Animal Science, University of Abuja, Nigeria

DOI: 10.32474/CDVS.2021.04.000183

Abstract PDF

Abstract

Medicinal plants contain bioactive chemicals which are capable of producing a positive physiological action in the body of human and animals and they represent a great potential for the discovery and development of drugs. The present review focuses on the effect of Daniellia oliveri leaf extract on growth performance, carcass characteristics, caeca microbial population and blood profile of broiler chicken. Daniellia oliveri extract has significant therapeutic effects including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, hepato-protective, anti-nociceptive, cytotoxic, neuroprotective, chemoprotective, antispasmodic, antifungal, hypolipidemic and hypotensive activity. It is also loaded with minerals, vitamins, amino acids and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activity. The extract is relatively cheap, effective, and safe and could be used as an alternative to antibiotics. It can be concluded that Daniellia oliveri leaf extract could be used to bridge the gap between food safety and production. Thus, preventing environmental contamination and high case of diseases.

Keywords:Daniellia oliveri; food safety; carcass; phytochemicals; performance; microbes

Introduction

Medicinal plants are plants which contains substances or biologically active compounds that could be used for therapeutic purposes or which are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs [1-3]. They are reservoirs of bioactive chemicals which have been used for the treatment of various ailments in human and animals [4,5] The pharmacological benefits of medicinal plants are primarily due to the presence of phytochemicals produced in the plant tissues as primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites includes protein, chlorophyll and common sugars while alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins are included in secondary constituents [3,5-8]. Scientific studies have shown that phytochemicals exhibit various important pharmacological activities i.e., antimicrobial [9,10], cytotoxic [11-13], antitumor [14,15], antioxidants [16,3], antifungal [17], antispasmodic [18,19], antiviral [3], immune-modulator [20,21], hypolipidemic [22-24], neuroprotective [25,26], hepato-protective [27,28] and chemo preventive properties [29-31]. World health organization (1991) reported that there are over 25,000 species of medicinal plant globally which have been traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, gastrointestinal diseases, wounds, anaemia, cough etc. [32-34]. Phytochemical constituents in plants depends on the age, method of extraction, geographical location, antinutrients, harvesting season, storage conditions and part of plants used [35-37]. Many of these herbal plants have been reported to be relatively cheap, effective and safe, thus encouraging food safety [38,39]. Among the potential plant is Daniellia oliveri. Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) is an evergreen uncultivated copiously available tree, particularly in the savannah zone of Nigeria [40]. The tree can grow up to 18 – 24 m in height, the leaves are with a glabrous common stalk of 0.15 – 0.46 m long swollen base, 4-9 pairs of leaflets 0.06 – 0.15 m long by 0.04 – 0.08 m [41]. Its flowers are whitish, sweet smelling in appearance and also characterized by flat terminal panicles with alternate horizontal branches up to 0.15 m long, the whole inflorescence glabrous, sepals 0.01 – 0.02 m long up to 0.01 m broad. 1 large petal is 0.008 – 0.015 m long (Keay et al., 1964) (Tables 1-3).

Taxonomical classification

Kingdom: Plantae
Sub-kingdom: Tracheobionta
Division: Magnoliopsida
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Fabales
Genus: Daniellia
Species: oliveri (Rolfe)

Proximate, mineral, phytochemical, vitamins and amino acid composition of mature Daniellia oliveri leaf

According to [7], Daniellia oliveri leaves contains dry matter (89.11 %), crude protein (18.95 %), crude fibre (13.11 %), ether extract (4.78 %), ash (6.10 %), acid detergent fibre (28.10 %), neutral detergent fibre (47.50 %) and nitrogen free extract (46.17 %) respectively while mineral analysis revealed the presence of calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, iron, manganese, copper, zinc and cobalt at 12.17 mg/100g, 36.88 mg/100g, 42.21 mg/100g, 44.52 mg/100g, 37.18 mg/100g, 1.44 mg/100g, 0.78 mg/100g, 0.51 mg/100g, 6.14 mg/100g and 0.10 mg/100g respectively. Amino acid composition of Daniellia oliveri showed the presence of threonine, leucine, lysine, valine, tryptophan, glycine, phenylalanine, histidine, methionine, alanine, serine, proline, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine and cysteine at 1.89, 5.11, 2.88, 5.93, 1.03, 4.33, 5.61, 6.33, 0.77, 5.89, 4.09, 6.08, 7.11, 10.22, 1.04 and 1.00 (%) respectively [8].

Pharmacological properties of Daniellia oliveri leaf extract

a. Antimicrobial/ Antifungal properties

Studies on the aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extract of dried leaves of Daniellia oliveri leaves showed its ability against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aereus, Pseudomonas spp and Tricophyton rubrum [42,43]. This could probably be due to the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids. According to Faizi et al. (2003a), medicinal plants exhibit antimicrobial properties due to their ability to intercalate deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of microorganisms. Flavonoids have antifungal activity in vitro [44]

b. Antioxidant properties

Chemical analysis of the leaves of Daniellia oliveri yielded phenols which are strong antioxidants [45,46]. They also have the capacity to scavenge free redicals, thus preventing diseases [47,48].

c. Antipasmodic properties

The antispasmodic activity of the n-butanol soluble part of aqueous portion of the ethanol extract of leaves of Daniellia oliveri on isolated guinea pig ileum against three spasmogen (acetylcholine, histamine and barium chloride). The extract inhibited acetylcholine and histamine induced spasms in the animals [49,50].

d. Anti-nociceptive properties

Aqueous extract from Daniellia oliveri leaves showed a significant (P˂ 0.05) anti-nociceptive activity against acetic acid induced writhing in mice at a tested doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg (i.p). From the experiment, it was discovered that at 200 mg/kg i.p caused a total anti-nociception up to 120 minutes [22,4].

e. Anti-hyperglycaemic properties

Study on administration of aqueous Daniellia oliveri leaf extract at 250 mg/kg body weight in rat compared with a standard drug, glibenclamide revealed that the test dose of the extract caused a significant (P˂0.05) lowering of blood sugar level in alloxan diabetic rats within six hours; from 261.00±3.02 to 65.00±5.40 and from 302.75±79.62 to 119.00±20.30 after three weeks. The same dose did not show blood sugar lowering effect in normoglycaemic rats. The experiment concluded that D. oliveri is a good option for alternative medicine in the management of diabetes mellitus [49].

f. Anti-diarrheal properties

Study results on the n-butanol extracts of Daniellia oliveri extracts was carried out on parfused isolated rabbit jejunum and castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. The n-butanol extracts: NBD and NBF (0.16- 3.2mg/ml) caused a dose-dependent relaxation of isolated rabbit jejunum. The acute toxicity test for NBD and NBT in mice established an i.p LD50 of > 4000mg/kg for D. oliveri and 1131.4mg/kg for F. sycomorus. In castor oil induced diarrhea, 80% protection was observed for D. oliveri at doses of 200mg/ kg and 60% protection was observed at 100mg/kg and 50mg/kg respectively. For F. sycomorus 100% protection was observed at doses of 120mg/kg and 60mg/kg, for the n-butanol extract. The antidiarrheal activity was comparable to loperamide 5mg/kg. The result revealed that the extracts have pharmacological activity against diarrhea [51]. RBC: red blood cell; PCV: pack cell volume; Hb: haemoglobin; ALT: Alkalinine transaminase; AST: Alanine serum transaminase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase [52-66].

Conclusion

Medicinal plants are the cheapest and the most available sources of nutrients, supplying the body with protein, energy, minerals, vitamins and amino acids. They also contain bioactive chemicals or phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, terpenoids etc.) with therapeutic properties, thus making them function as: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, hepato-protective activities. There are several medicinal plants that have been worked on, yet, some are still underexplored. Among the potential plant is Daniellia oliveri leaf.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References

1. Sofowora Ea (2008) Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa Spectrum Books Ltd Ibadan; Nigeria p: 1-10.
2. Olafadehan OA, Okunade SA, Njidda AE, Kholif SG, Alagbe, JO (2020) Concentrate Replacement with Daniellia Oliveri Foliage in Goat Diets. Tropical Animal Health Production 52(1): 227-233.
3. Abiodun Ba, Adewale A, Abiodun Oo (2017) Phytochemical and Proximate Analysis of Some Medicinak Leaves. Clinical Medicine Research 6(6): 209-214.
4. Oluwafemi Ra, Isiaka Olawale, Alagbe Jo (2020) Recent Trends in The Utilization of Medicinal Plants as Growth Promoters in Poultry Nutrition- A Review Research In: Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences 4(1): 5-11.
5. Alagbe Jo (2020) Caecal Microbial Population of Growing Grass Cutters (Thyronoyms Swinderianus) Fed Phyllantus Amarus and Pilogstigma Thonngii Leaf Meal Mixture as Partial Replacement for Soya Bean. Meal Concept of Dairy and Veterinary Sciences 3(5): 350-355.
6. Musa Aisha, Ahmed, Kalid, Alagbe Olujimi John (2020) Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Albizia Lebbeck Stem Bark. International Journal on Integrated Education 3(11): 112-116.
7. Olafadehan Oa, Oluwafemi Ra, Alagbe Jo (2020) Carcass Quality, Nutrient Retention and Caeca Microbial Population of Broiler Chicks Administered Rolfe (Daniellia Oliveri) Leaf Extract as an Antibiotic Alternative. Journal of Drug Discovery 14(33): 146-154.
8. Olafadehan Oa, Oluwafemi Ra, Alagbe, Jo (2020) Performance, Haemato-Biochemical Parameters of Broiler Chicks Administered Rolfe (Daniellia Oliveri) Leaf Extract as An Antibiotic Alternative. Advances in Research and Reviews 14(33).
9. Lockett Ct, Calvert Cc, Grevetti Le (2000) Energy and Micronutrient Composition of Dietary and Medicinal Wild Plants Consumed During Drought: Study of Rural Fulani, Northeastern Nigeria Int J Food Sci Nutr 51(3): 193-208.
10. Odeyemi At, Fagbohun Ed (2005) Antimicrobial Activities of The Extract of The Peels of Dioscorea Cyensis. L J Appl Environ Sci 1: 37-42.
11. Nikolić M, Kk Jovanović T, Marković D, Marković N, Gligorijević, Et Al. (2014) Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Properties of Five Lamiaceae Essential Oils. Industrial Crops Products 61:225-232.
12. Alagbe Jo (2019) Effects of Dried Centella Asiatica Leaf Meal as a Herbal Feed Additive on The Growth Performance, Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chicken. International Journal of Animal Research 3(23): 1-12.
13. Kavita N, Yadav V, Prasad V, Kadam Ja, Manohar Jp (2014) Strychnos Potatorum: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review. Phramacognosy Reviews 8(5): 61-66.
14. Parajuli P, N Joshee Am, Rimando S, Mittal, Akyadav (2009) In Vitro Antitumor Mechanisms of Various Scutellaria Extracts and Constituent Flavonoids Planta Med 75(1):41-48.
15. Ramos Jmo, Santos Ca, Santana Dg, Santos Da, Alves Pb, et al. (2013) Chemical Constituents and Potential Antiinflammatory Activity of The Essential Oil from The Leaves of Croton Argyrophyllus Revista Brasileira De Farmacognosia 23(4): 644-650.
16. Awoyinka Ao, Balogun Io, Ogunnowo Aa (2007) Phyochemical Screening and Invitro Bioactivity of Cnidoscolus Aconitiifolus (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3: 63-65.
17. Cushnie Tp, Lamb Aj (2005) Antimicrobial Activity of Flavonoids: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 26(5):343-356.
18. Imaga Na, Gbenle Go, Okochi Vi, Adenekan S, Duroemmanuel T, et al. (2009) Anti-Ulcerogenic Activity of Two Extracts of Parquetina Nigrescens And Their Effects on Mucosal Antioxidants Defense System on Ethanol-Induced Ulcer In Rats. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant 3(3): 102-108.
19. Omokore Eo, Alagbe Jo (2019) Efficacy of Dried Phyllantus Amarus Leaf Meal as An Herbal Feed Additive on The Growth Performance Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Growing Rabbits International Journal of Academic Research and Development 4(3): 97-104.
20. Srinivas Rk, Rajeev Re, Ganapaty S (2011) Diuretic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous Extract of Aerva Sanguinolenta (L) Blume Int Res J Pharm 2(7): 65-67.
21. Alagbe JO, Omokore Ea, Tijani TD (2018) Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Dried Spondias Mombin Linn Leaf on The Performance and Blood Profile of Broiler Chickens Pacific. International Journal 2(2):46-58.
22. Jegede Ia, Nwinyi Fc, Muazzam I, Akumka Dd, Njan Aa, et al. (2006) Micromorphological, Anti-Nociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory104investigations of Stem Bark of Daniellia Oliveri. African Journal of Biotechnology 5(10): 930-935.
23. Alagbe Jo, Shittu Md, Bamigboye So, Oluwatobi Ao (2019) Proximate and Mineral Composition of Pentadiplandra Brazzeana Stems Bark. Electronic Research Journal of Engineering, Computer and Applied Sciences 1(2009): 91-99.
24. Manita M, Gaurav, U (2020) Leea Macrophylla: A Review on Ethanobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Action. Phramacognosy Reviews 14(27): 33-36.
25. Mandal A, Ojha D, Lalee A, Kaity S, Das M et al. (2015) Bioassay Directed Isolation of a Novel Anti-Inflammatory Cerebroside From the Leaves of Aerva Sanguinolenta. Med Chem Res 24(5): 1952-1963.
26. Arts I, Hollman P (2005) Polyphenols and Disease Risk in Epidemiological Studies Am J Clinic Nutr 81(1): 317s-325s.
27. Ferdousy S, Rahman Ma, Al-Amin Mm, Aklima J, Chowdhury Jm (2017) Antioxidative and Neuroprotective Effects of Leea Macrophylla Methanol Root Extracts on Diazepam-Induced Memory Impairment in Amnesic Wistar Albino Rat. Clin Phytosci 2:17.
28. Alagbe Jo, Sharma D, Xing Liu (2019) Effect of Aqueous Piliostigma Thonningii Leaf Extracts on The Haematological and Serum Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chicken Noble. International Journal of Agriculture and Food Technology 1(2): 62-69.
29. Zaoui A, Cherrah Y, Mahassini N, Alaoui K, Amarouch H, Hassar M (2002) Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nigella Sativa Fixed Oilleaf Juice Is Used as Anti-Inflammatory Agent and Also in Treatment of Boils. Gout Arthritis and Rheumatism Phytomedicine 9(1): 69–74.
30. Musa B, Alagbe Jo, Adegbite Motunrade Betty, Omokore, Ea (2020) Growth Performance, Caeca Microbial Population and Immune Response of Broiler Chicks Fed Aqueous Extract of Balanites Aegyptiaca and Alchornea Cordifolia Stem Bark Mixture United. Journal for Research and Technology 2(2): 13-21.
31. Shittu Md, Alagbe Jo (2020) Phyto-Nutritional Profiles of Broom Weed (Sida Acuta) Leaf Extract. International Journal of Integrated Education 3(11): 119-124.
32. Dhan P, Charu G, Girish S (2012) Importance of Phytochemicals in Nutraceuticals. Journal of Chinese Medicine Research and Development 1(3): 70-78.
33. Prakash D, Dhakarey R, Mishra A (2004) Carotenoids: The Phytochemicals of Nutraceutical Importance. Indian Journal of Agricultural Biochemistry 17:1-8.
34. Scalbert A, Manach C, Morand C and Remasy C (2005) Dietary Polyphenols and The Prevention of Diseases. Critical Review of Food Science and Nutrition 45(4): 287-306.
35. Lillehoj Hs, Lee Kw (2012) Immune Modulation of Innate Immunity as Alternatives-To-Antibiotics Strategies to Mitigate the Use of Drugs In Poultry Production Poult Sci 91(6): 1286–1291.
36. Hyun L, Yanhong L, Sergio C, Mariano Eo, Fang C (2018) Phytochemical as Antibiotic Alternatives to Promote Growth and Enhance Host Health. Journal of Biomedical Sciences 10(18): 49-76.
37. Kaul C, Kapoor Hc (2001) Antioxidants in Fruits and Vegetables- The Millennium Health Pharm Biol 42: 46-63.
38. Wong Syy, Grant Ir, Friedman M, Elliott Ct, Situ C (2008) Antibacterial Activities of Naturally Occurring Compounds Against Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 74(19): 5986–5990.
39. Lee Sh, Lillehoj Hs, Hong Yh, Jang Si, Lillehoj Ep, et al. (2010) In Vitro Efects Of Plant and Mushroom Extracts on Immunological Function of Chicken Lymphocytes and Macrophages. Br Poult Sci 51(2): 213–221.
40. Olafadehan Oa, Okunade Sa (2018) Fodder Value of Three Browse Forage for Growing Goats. Journal of The Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 17: 43-50.
41. Keay Rwj, Onochie Cfa, Stanfield Dp (1964) Nigerian Trees Vol Ii. Department of Forest Research Ibadan pp. 65-66.
42. Ahmadu, A, Haruna Ak Garba M, Ehinmidu Jo, Sarker Sd (2004) Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activities of The Daniellia Oliveri Leaves. Fitoterapia 75(7-8): 729-732.
43. El-Mahmood Am, Doughari Jh, Chanji Fj (2008) In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Nauclea Latifolia And Daniellia Oliveri. Sci Res Essays 3 (3): 102–105.
44. Galeotti F, Barlie P, Curir M, Lanzotti V (2008) Flavonoids from Carnation (Dianthus Caryophyllus) and Their Antifungal Activity Phytochem Letters 1(1): 44-48.
45. Alagbe Jo (2020) Performance, Hematology and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Weaner Rabbits Fed Different Levels of Fermented Lagenaria Brevifora Whole Fruit Extract Advances in Research and Reviews 1: 5.
46. Uzama D, Bwai Md (2012) Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Potentials of Daniellia Oliveri Seed Oil. Research Journal in Engineering and Applied Sciences 1(6): 389-392.
47. Muanda F, Kone D, Dicko A, Soulimani R, Younos C (2011) Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Three Malian Medicinal Plant Parts. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med p: 1-8.
48. Olubunmiaand Gabriel O (2016) Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Potential of Daniellia Oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch & Dalz. Turk J Pharm Sci 13(1): 41-46.
49. Iwueke Av, Nwodo Ofc (2008) Antihyperglycaemic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Daniellia Oliveri and Sarcocephalus Latifolius Roots on Key Carbohydrate Metabolic Enzymes and Glycogen in Experimental Diabetes. Biokemistri 20(2): 63-70.
50. Balogun Ea, Adebayo J (2008) Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Daniellia Oliveri Leaves on Some Cardiovascular Indices in Rats, Pharmacogn Mag 3(9): 16–20.
51. Ahmadu Aa, Zezi Au, Yaro Ah (2007) Anti-Diarrheal Activity of The Leaf Extracts of Daniellia Oliveri Hutch and Dalz (Fabaceace) And Ficus Sycomorus Miq (Moraceace). Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 4(4): 542-528.
52. Onwukaeme Nd, Lot Ty, Udoh Fv (1999) Effects of Daniellia Oliveri Stem Bark and Leaf Extracts on Rat Skeletal Muscle. Phytother Res 13 (5): 419–421.
53. Lamy C, Sauvan Nm, Renimel It, Andre Pn, Darnault So (2010) Use in The Cosmetic Field of An Exudate of Plant Daniellia Oliveri, In Particular as An Antiwrinkle Agent Us Patent, Us7776367b2
54. Larrauri J, Sa Nchez-Moreno C, Ruperez C, Saura-Calixto F (1999) Free Radical Scavenging Capacity in The Ageing of Selected Red Spanish Wines. J Agr Food Chem 47(4): 1603–1606.
55. Garodia P, Ichikawa H, Malani N, Sethi G, Aggarwal Bb (2007) From Ancient Medicine to Modern Medicine: Ayurvedic Concepts of Health and Their Role in Inflammation and Cancer. Journal of The Society for Integrative Oncology 5(1): 25–37.
56. Islam Mb, Sarkar Mmh, Shafique Mz, Jalil Ma, Haque Mz, Amin R (2013) Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity Studies on Leea Macrophylla Seed Extracts, J Sci Res 5(2): 399-405.
57. Alagbe Jo, Sharma R, Eunice Abidemi Ojo, Shittu Md, Bello Kamoru Atanda (2020) Chemical Evaluation of The Proximate, Minerals, Vitamins and Phytochemical Analysis of Daniellia Oliveri Stem Bark. International Journal of Biological Physical and Chemical Studies 2(1): 16-22.
58. Alagbe Jo (2020) Proximate Phytochemical and Vitamin Compositions of Prosopis Africana Stem Bark. European Journal of Agricultural and Rural Education 1(4): 1-7.
59. Shittu Md, Adejumo Do, Ewuola Eo, Alaba O, Alagbe Jo (2020) Gut Morphometric Characteristic and Ecological Response of Broiler Starter Fed Varied Levels of Protein. Asian Journal of Animal Science 14(1): 33-39.
60. Faizi S, Khan, Ra, Azher, S, Khan, Sa (2003a) New Antimicrobial Alkaloids from The Roots of Polyalthia Longifolia Planta Med 69(4): 350-355.
61. European Food Safety Authority (2014) Scientific Opinion on The Safety and Efficacy of Phytochemicals When Used as Feed Flavouring for all Animal Species. European Food Safety Authority Journal 12(10): 28-38.
62. Herrero M, Cifuentes A, Ibañez E (2008) Sub-and Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Functional Ingredients from Different Natural Sources: Plants, Food-By-Products, Algae and Microalgae: A Review. Food Chem 98(1): 136-148.
63. Alagbe Jo (2020) Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Cymbopogon Citratus Oil on The Haematology and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Broiler Chicks Electronic. Research Journal of Engineering Computer and Applied Sciences 2(2020): 127-141.
64. Who (1991) Traditional Medicine and Modern Health Care: Progress Report by Thedirector General. World Health Organization Geneva, Geneva.
65. Akinmoladun C, Ibukun Eo, Farumbi O (2007) Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Extract from Leaves of Ocimum Gratssiman. Science Research Essay 2: 163-166.
66. Alagbe Jo, Shittu Md, Eunice Abidemi Ojo (2020) Prospect of Leaf Extracts on The Performance and Blood Profile of Monogastric- A Review. International Journal of Integrated Education 3(7): 122-127.