Phytochemical Screening and Proximate Analysis of Garlic (Allium Sativum) Volume 4 - Issue 2

Igor Barchiy¹*, Anatolii Fedorchuk², Valeriya Tovt¹, Michal Piasecki³ and Anatolii Potapchuk¹

• ¹Department of chemistry, Uzhhorod National University, Ukraine
• ²Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, Ukraine
• ³Institute of Physics, J Dlugosz University, Poland

Received: May 23, 2019;   Published: May 30, 2019

*Corresponding author: Igor Barchiy, Department of chemistry, Uzhhorod National University, Pidgirna St., 46, 88000 Uzhgorod, Ukraine

DOI: 10.32474/AOICS.2019.04.000182

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Abstract

For the first time the phase equilibrium of the Tl₄P₂Se₆–TlInP₂Se₆ binary and TlInSe₂–TlInP₂Se₆–Tl₄P₂Se₆ ternary systems were investigated by the methods of physical-chemical analysis (DTA, XRD, MSA) and mathematical design in multi-component system. It has been established that the Tl₄P₂Se₆–TlInP₂Se₆ system belongs to the eutectic type and characterized by the formation of boundary solid solutions on the basis of complex compounds. The space phase diagrams, projection of liquidus surface of the TlInSe₂–TlInP₂Se₆– Tl₄P₂Se₆ system were constructed. Ternary system characterized by two invariant processes – eutectic (L ↔ mtmTl₄P₂Se₆ + TlInSe₂ + htmTlInP₂Se₆,705K) and peritectic (L + hhtmTl₄P₂Se₆ ↔ TlInSe₂ + htmTlInP₂Se₆,739K). On the basis of complex selenophosphate compounds takes place metatectic, eutectoid (Tl₄P₂Se₆) and two peritectoid (TlInP₂Se₆) processes, respectively. Specifics of crystal structure of complex compounds were given from the position of the second coordination surrounded of atoms in cationic and anionic sublattice.

Keywords: Selenophosphate; Phase diagram; Liquidus projection; Solid solution; Crystal structure

Introduction

Creation of new materials with a complex of predicted properties is the most important task of the modern inorganic science. The solution of these problems is based on the obtaining of new substances by changing of the composition by iso- and heterovalent substitution of the structures, the formation of solid solutions, composite eutectic (peritectic) phase. The study of the physical-chemical interaction of multi-component systems allows us to determine the phase formation patterns according to the composition and temperature, to determine the boundary concentration of solid solutions, to find coordinates of invariant transformations, to select the rational composition and obtain technological mode of growth qualitative single crystals, to consider the laws of “composition – crystalline structure – properties”.

Perspective compounds that are widely used in production of working elements for semiconductor IR and laser technology, thermal generation, solar power, are materials based on complex chalcogenide compounds [1-4]. Special attention is paid to compounds of the M₂P₂Se₆ type [5-12]. Modification of the composition of M₂P₂Se₆ type compounds by isovalent substitutions of the chalcogen S→Se, which form the sublattice of the anionic group [P₂X₆]^4–, as well as Sn²⁺→Pb²⁺, heterovalent substitutions 2Sn²⁺→4M¹⁺ (M1 – K⁺, Na⁺, Rb⁺, Tl⁺, Ag⁺, Cu⁺), 2Sn²⁺→M¹⁺+M2³⁺ (M2 – In³⁺, Sb³⁺, Bi³⁺, Fe³⁺) leads to the formation of new composition with different structure of cationic sublattice, which is accompanied by a change in crystal-chemical parameters [13].

Study of physical-chemical interaction in the Tl₂Se–In₂Se₃– “P₂Se₄” system showed that intermediate complex selenides which melts congruently In₂Se₃ (655К) [14], TlInSe₂ (1023 К) [14], Tl₄P₂Se₆ (758К) [15-17], In4(P2Se6)3 (880К) [16], TlInP₂Se₆ (875К) [16,18] form five quasi-binary eutectic type sections with formation of limited solid solution. Quasi-binary sections divided initial Tl2Se– In₂Se₃–“P₂Se₄” ternary system on secondary quasiternary systems [13], one of them is TlInSe₂–Tl₄P₂Se₆–TlInP₂Se₆.

Materials and Methods

TlInSe₂, Tl₄P₂Se₆, TlInP₂Se₆ ternary compounds were prepared by the single-temperature method from stoichiometric amounts of the initial Tl2Se binary compound and elementary In, P, Se in evacuated quartz containers. Synthesis of compounds was carried out with high-purity elements (more than 99.99wt.%). The highest synthesis temperatures were for TlInSe₂ – 1073К, Tl₄P₂Se₆ – 893К, TlInP₂Se₆ – 853К, respectively. Speed of heating and cooling were 25-30K per hour. Maximum temperature for synthesis of binary and ternary alloys was 1073K. After thermal treatment at highest temperature (823K) for 48h the samples were slowly cooled (250K per hour) down to 573K and homogenized at this temperature for 336h. Subsequently the ampoules were quenched into cold water.

The phase equilibria in the ternary system were investigated by the differential thermal (DTA, a chromel-alumel thermocouple, with an accuracy of ±5K), X-ray powder diffraction (DRON-3- 13 diffractometer, Cu Kα radiation, Ni filter), microstructure (MSA, metallographic microscope Lomo Metam R1) analyses in combination with the simplex method of mathematical modeling of phase equilibria in multi-component systems [19,20]. Crystal structure calculation was carried out with program WinCSD [21].

Results and Discussion

Tl₄P₂Se₆–TlInP₂Se₆ quasibinary system

Results of X-ray investigation and phase diagram of the Tl₄P₂Se₆–TlInP₂Se₆ system are presented in Figures 1 & 2. In this system are formed γ–, γ’– γ”– solid solutions based on low-, middle-, high-temperature polymorphic modifications (ltm-, mtm-, htm-) of TlInP₂Se₆ and ε–, ε’–, ε’– solid solutions based on low-, middle-, hightemperature polymorphic modifications of Tl₄P₂Se₆, respectively. Tl₄P₂Se₆–TlInP₂Se₆ system belongs to the Rozeboom V type and is characterized by the invariant eutectic processes L ↔ mtm Tl₄P₂Se₆ + htmTlInP₂Se₆. The coordinates of the eutectic point correspond to 50mol.% TlInP₂Se₆ at 729К. The metatectic process htmTl₄P₂Se₆ ↔ L + mtmTl₄P₂Se₆ and eutectictoid process based on the polymorphic transformation of the ternary compound Tl₄P₂Se₆ are observed at 750К and 695K, respectively. Two peritectictoid processes htmTlInP₂Se₆ ↔ mtmTlInP₂Se₆ and mtmTlInP₂Se₆ + ltmTl₄P₂Se₆ ↔ ltmTlInP₂Se₆ based on the polymorphic transformation of TlInP₂Se₆ takes place at 715К and 685K. At 573K the existence of the solid solutions range of low-temperature polymorphic modification of TlInP₂Se₆ is less than 7mol.%, for ltmTl₄P₂Se₆ – do not exceed than 5mol.% [22,23].

TlInSe₂–TlInP₂Se₆–Tl₄P₂Se₆ quasiternary system

A perspective view and the projection of the liquidus surface of the TlInSe₂–TlInP₂Se₆–Tl₄P₂Se₆ system are shown in Figures 3 & 4, respectively. The points B, C and D, which are located on the edges of triangular prism, represent the melting temperature of the ternary selenophosfates TlInSe₂ (1029K), Tl₄P₂Se₆ (789K), TlInP₂Se₆ (875K). The points C’, C”, D’ and D” represent the temperature of polymorphic transformation of TlInP₂Se₆ and TlInP₂Se₆ compounds. The liquidus of the ternary system consists of four primary crystallization areas: TlInSe₂(B)–e4–E2–U3–e5– TlInSe₂(B) (β phase), Tl₄P₂Se₆(C)–e5–U3–e6–m3–Tl₄P₂Se₆(C) (ε” phase), TlInP₂Se₆(D)–e4–E2– TlInP₂Se₆(D) (γ” phase) and m3– U3–E2–e6–m3 (ε’ phase). The fields of primary crystallization are divided by monovariant lines e4–E2 (process L↔ TlInSe₂ + htmTlInP₂Se₆), e5–U3 (process L↔ TlInSe₂ + htmTl₄P₂Se₆), m3– U3 (process htmTl₄P₂Se₆ ↔ L + mtmTl₄P₂Se₆), e6–E2 (process L↔ mtmTl₄P₂Se₆ + htmTl₄P₂Se₆), U3–E2 (process L↔ TlInSe₂ + mtmTl₄P₂Se₆) which cross at the ternary invariant peritectic points U3 (17mol.% TlInSe₂, 62mol.% Tl₄P₂Se₆, 21mol.% TlInP₂Se₆, 739К) and ternary invariant eutectic points Е2 (22mol.% TlInSe₂, 46mol.% Tl₄P₂Se₆, 32mol.% TlInP₂Se₆, 705К). In the subliquidus part two surfaces depict the monovariant metatectic process at 739K (b8–U3–c8–b8) based on the polymorphic transformation between the middle- and high-temperature modifications of the ternary compound Tl₄P₂Se₆ (739K) and invariant eutectic process at 705K (b7–c7–d7–b7). In subsolidus part three surfaces describe the invariant eutectoid process at 675K (b5–c5–d5–b5) based on the polymorphic transformation mtmTl₄P₂Se₆ ↔ ltmTl₄P₂Se₆, invariant peritectoid process at 685K (b6–c6–d6–b6) based on the polymorphic transformation htmTlInP₂Se₆ ↔ mtmTlInP₂Se₆ and invariant peritectoid process at 642K (b4–c4–d4–b4) based on the polymorphic transformation mtmTlInP₂Se₆ ↔ ltmTlInP₂Se₆. At temperature below for 705K all alloys are in solid state phase. New complex compounds were not observed in the ternary system. The types and temperature of the processes in the TlInSe₂–TlInP₂Se₆– Tl₄P₂Se₆ quasiternary system are shown in Table 1.

Crystal-chemistry of the TlInSe₂, TlInP₂Se₆ and Tl₄P₂Se₆ compounds

Crystal-structure studies of TlInSe₂, TlInP₂Se₆ and Tl₄P₂Se₆ complex chalcogenides were carried out by a powder method, refinement of the structural parameters – by the Rietveld method. The lattice parameters of initial TlInSe₂, TlInP₂Se₆ and Tl₄P₂Se₆ compounds are shown in Table 2.

The second coordination surrounding (SCS) of the anions atoms indicates the diversity of anionic sublattices in the compounds of the system. In the structure of the TlInSe₂ compound individual selenium atoms form anionic sublattice. SCS of atoms Se formed defective (-1) hexagonal analogue of the cubo-octahedron (Figure 5). The defect in anionic sublattice indicates covalent type of the cation – anion bonds.

The crystal analysis of Tl₄P₂Se₆ and TlInP₂Se₆ complex compounds showed that in the structure of both compounds can be isolated anionic group of atoms [P2Se6]^4– in the form of two fused tetrahedrons (occupied the nodes of the anionic sublattice). In the structure of the TlInP₂Se₆ compound atoms In are displaced in the tetrahedral cavity and located on the verge of tetrahedral and octahedral cavities, atoms Tl are displaced into octahedral cavities. Atoms of cations are absent in the gap between layers of anionic groups [P2Se6]^4–. SCS in the form of a hexagonal analogue of the cubooctahedron for TlInP₂Se₆ compound indicate that the anions are dense packing in this compound. With an increase in the number of cations atoms per anionic group in Tl₄P₂Se₆ compound atoms Tl are displaced into tetrahedral cavities and evenly distributed in space. SCS in the form of a hexagonal bipiramide for Tl₄P₂Se₆ compound indicates the primitive packing of anion atoms.

Conclusion

Differential thermal, X-ray phase, microstructure analyses and mathematical modeling of phase equilibria in the multi-component systems were used to construct the of the Tl₄P₂Se₆–TlInP₂Se₆ binary system, perspective view and liquidus surface projection of the TlInSe₂–TlInP₂Se₆–Tl₄P₂Se₆ ternary system. The character of the monovariant processes, the temperatures and coordinate of the invariant processes in the ternary system were determined. In this system there exists ternary invariant peritectic process (U3: 17mol.% TlInSe₂, 62mol.% Tl₄P₂Se₆, 21mol.% TlInP₂Se₆, 739К) and ternary invariant eutectic process (Е2: 22mol.% TlInSe₂, 46mol.% Tl₄P₂Se₆, 32mol.% TlInP₂Se₆, 705К). Also, in the system take places monovariant metatectic process mtmTl₄P₂Se₆ ↔ htmTl₄P₂Se₆ (739K), invariant eutectoid process mtmTl₄P₂Se₆ ↔ ltmTl₄P₂Se₆ (675K), invariant peritectoid process htmTlInP₂Se₆ ↔ mtmTlInP₂Se₆ (685K) and invariant peritectoid process mtmTlInP₂Se₆ ↔ ltmTlInP₂Se₆ (642K). The existence of solid solutions of the ternary compounds TlInSe₂, TlInP₂Se₆, Tl₄P₂Se₆ was established. In the ternary system, the components of which are compounds with different types of anionic sublattices, it was necessary to wait for the formation of new phases with a layered structure: separate atoms of selenium – paired tetrahedrons. But the results of physical-chemical investigations showed that the new complex compounds were not formed in the ternary system.

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