Once Again About the Ancestors of Today’s Poles - A Current View of the Problem Volume 8 - Issue 2

Wojciech J Cynarski*

• Committee of Scientific Research, Idokan Poland Association, Rzeszów, Poland

Received:April 17, 2023;   Published: April 25, 2023

Corresponding author:Committee of Scientific Research, Idokan Poland Association, Rzeszów, Poland

DOI: 10.32474/JAAS.2023.08.000281

 

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Abstract

The work is about Indo-Europeans in general, that means people possessing R1a haplogroup (and following mutations) of Y-DNA, as per inheriting from father to son. Our interest is in the group of Indo-Europeans who evolved into Slavs and, in particular, modern Poles. The article shows that the area of today’s Poland was probably the cradle of people and language that gave origin to other Indo-European peoples (Aryans, Scythians, and Slavic) and their languages. Today’s Poles are the nation with the highest frequency of R1a haplogroup in Europe. Genetic, and also other (linguistic and anthropological-cultural) studies indicate that the origin of Poles is ancient, directly from the ancestors of the Lechites or Lekhs described in the chronicles. There are also grounds for claiming that the Lekhs’ connections with people from Aryans are both genetic / biological and cultural (a logical proof). The author provides daring hypotheses and proceeds to check them through logical deduction (inductive-deductive method), while trying the synthetic approach to the problem and using a multidisciplinary approach. Hypotheses checks and logical justifications are backed by research results in new research – in genetics and archaeogenetics, particularly.

Keywords:Indo-European; Aryan; Scyth; Slavic; Pole; hg R1a

Introduction

There is still a discussion about the origin of the Slavs and their presence in Central Europe in the Bronze Age. The theories of supporters of the allo- and autochthonous theory of their presence on the Vistula compete. Sometimes this rivalry takes the form of blocking the possibility of publication, instead of a substantive polemic [1-3]. The thing is about Indo-Europeans in general, which means people possessing R1a haplogroup and following mutations of Y-DNA (we analyze haplogroups in the male Y chromosome), as per inheriting from father to son. Those possessing R1b (another mutation in haplogroup R1), who dominated western Europe [Barnes, 2009], have little in common with India and Iran. Our interest is in the group of Indo-Europeans who evolved into Slavs and, in particular, modern Poles. Germania-as Romans called the area north of the Alps and east of Gaul – was initially, from about 2000 B.C.E., settled mainly by the Protoslavs or Slavs, as is presented by Haarmann [4]. Frankfurt am Main could have been a border town of Francia and legendary Lechia. Of course, we cannot uncritically and literally treat the contents of medieval chronicles and legends. However, it is worth looking for a rational nucleus, as in the case of the Iliad and the excavated Troy. Modern Germans call those primal dwellers of Germania Wenden or Winden (Wends). Germanic peoples and languages were created as a result of mixing between pre-Indo-European and Celtic elements with some Slavic influence [5]. Indo-Europeans and Slavs are terms used by linguistics, they are representative of specific language families, used by those peoples. ”Early Slavs” is a substitute term for naming modern Slavs’ ancestors. While having a specific haplogroup and using a specific language is not directly connected (like in magyarised Danube Slavs in Hungary), such correlation is common. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza suggested there is a link between Y-DNA and languages. The publication Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach [Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman, 1981] made use of models from population genetics and infectious disease epidemiology to investigate the transmission of culturally transmitted units, such as for instance language.

The aim is to clarify the issue of the proto-Slavic roots of today's inhabitants of Poland. The author provides daring hypotheses and proceeds to check them through logical deduction (inductive-deductive method) while trying the synthetic approach to the problem and using multidisciplinary approach. Hypotheses checks and logical justifications are backed by research results in genetics, linguistics, cultural anthropology, ancient history and hoplology – which deals with weaponry and warrior cultures. Who were the Western Slavs? Kazimierz Wachowski [6] describes the tribes living between the Weser and the Oder, which stretched west of Lübeck and Magdeburg, Bamberg and Nuremberg, Linz and Salzburg, India and Aquileia (counting towards the south) - the cities mentioned were Slavic castles. He focuses his attention on the western edge of the Slavic lands. Gerard Labuda [7] does a similar thing in his extensive monograph. Michałek [8] includes the concept of the State of Samon, the Great Moravian State, the area of Połabie and the country of Polans / Poland. Meanwhile, linguists recognize the Polabian and Pomeranian dialects and the Polish language as Lechitic languages. On the other hand, to the West Slavic ones - also Lusatian (Lower and Upper Sorbian) and Czech-Slovak (Czech and Slovak). On the other hand, historically and genetically (according to biological relationship) it is more complicated. For centuries, Polish lands were shifted more to the east in relation to today's borders. Also, the inhabitation of the historical Lędzians and Dulebians extends eastwards beyond today's Polish borders. In addition, the direction of subsequent migrations - from the Vistula and Odra basins to the east - resulted in the expansion of genes and language. This expansion is confirmed by the history of Nestor and the genetic research of Peter Underhill's team [9,10]. It is also indicated by other historical sources. Volhynians, formerly called Dulebas or Dulebians, are - according to al-Masudi's message - Western Slavs, because Eastern Slavs are those living on the Caspian Sea and in the country of the Khazars [7]. The author's zero hypothesis is a thesis in favor of the autochthonous theory of Polish origin: Genetic studies proved the autochthonic theory of Polish origin. Many data indicate in general the ancient origin of the Slavs.

The Roots of the R1a1a Family

We can equate Pre-Aryans to Pre-Slavs. It is due to a shared genetic root or trunk. It concerns mainly the ancestors of modern Western Slavs (in particular, from Lechitic language family), and partly – other modern Slavic nations. The frequency of R1a distribution is covered in Table 1 in the next part of this document [11]. Common ancestors of Aryans and Slavs used to live in Germania, Lechia and along the Danube about 3700-2800 B.C.E., they used some form of Aryan-Slavic language, possibly divided into several dialects. Then the Aryans (R1a-Z93 and Z94) migrated to the East. Their genetic presence in the northern part of the Eurasian Steppe and in the vicinity of Chelyabinsk (Sintashta-Petrovka / Sintashta-Arkaim archaeological culture) is confirmed by archaeological research [12]. War chariots were found in their graves. They produced bronze tools and they were excellent horsemen. They started the Indo-Iranian languages and three great kingdoms – India, Persia and Scythia. About 2800-2600 B.C.E. Early Slavs have already settled areas in Middle and Eastern Europe, between Elbe and Don. It is about the early (genetic, biological) ancestors of the Western Slavs. We do not define the Slavs here by language, but as the ancestors of today's Slavs, especially Poles.

About 1500 B.C.E. Aryans entered India, bringing the language (Sanskrit) and wisdom (the Vedas) with them. Areas between Elbe and Dnieper overlap with Lusatian archaeological culture (1300-400 B.C.E.), examples of which are Biskupin and a number of similar fortified settlements. Great Lechia from Wincenty Kadłubek’s chronicle [1208 / 1612], on the other hand, was supposed to reach from Danish isles as far as to Iran, just like Great Scythia. Is it but a strange coincidence? Ptolemeus Claudius [2nd c.] counted tribes living in Vistula’s basin as Sarmatia. This Greek geographer cites Slavic sounding names in Scythia: Suovenians or Suobenians and “Serbi”. While Caesarius of Nazianzus [4th c.] – used the name: Sclaveni, which means Slavs. Through that, it can be supposed that the country along the Vistula named Sarmatia was inhabited by ancestors of modern Poles. Al-Masudi [13] points to the similarity of rituals of a large part of Slavic tribes to "Indians" by the example of burning the corpses of the dead and the rulers with their horses. It is a remnant of hundreds of years older customs common to the Aryan-Slavic ancestors of the Slavs and Hindus. Perhaps already in the 4th millennium BCE. the R1a Y-DNA haplogroups were divided into Slavic and Aryan ones, after which the Aryans started their journey to the east and south - to Iran and India. Their starting point could be the Vistula river basin or a wider area - between the Elbe and the Bug rivers. The Lechites and the Poles of today come from the Proto-Slavic / Proto-Ayans who remained here. Their permanent residence in the areas of today's Poland is confirmed by the results of genetic tests [14,15]. Master Wincenty Kadłubek [1208 / 1612] [16], describing the boundaries of Lechia, clearly identifies it with the Great Scythia. The Scythian language was perhaps the most primeval Indo-European language, similar to Proto-Slavic and Sanskrit [17].

Hypothetically, the chronicles of Nestor, Kadłubek and Długosz may contain valuable information about the ethnogenesis of the Slavs. Is this not to some extent confirmed in today's genetic research? Lineages related to R1a-Z282 were connected to common societies of copper and early bronze age, they reached from the Rhein to the west to the Volga in the east. “Slavic culture emerged in Central Europe on Vistula. Maybe in this cultural context hg R1a-Z282 diversified in Central and Eastern Europe.” [10]. It would be consistent with the content of the chronicles of Kadłubek and Długosz. In modern days prof. Czekanowski [18,19], among others, confirmed the existence of a pre-Christian Lechitic country. “Lech” was a ruler’s title [20]. Country’s name – Lechia – would be derived from “Lech”. Sarmatians were related to Scythians, hailing from the same cultural, and maybe genetic, trunk (currently it is impossible to clearly denote it). They took over the Scythians during their migration west, reaching Danube in I C.E. They settled on the Danube and in Lower Carpathia. „Etymological clues indicate that Croatians could have been Slavicised Sarmatians” [21]. Nestor of Kiev [1113 / 1968] [9] also stated that Lechitic peoples arrived from over the Danube and that Croatians are Lechitic tribe’s forebears. It does not only apply to Croatians. Also, Poles, Slovaks and eastern Slavs (Lechitic Polan’s and Lendyan’s inheritors?) are maybe inheritors or relatives of the peoples who inhabited Scythia or Sarmatia, or at least they have genetically common ancestors.

New Genetic Studies Outcomes

Modern genetics, as a science discipline, makes it possible to explain what used to be different, often mutually excluding interpretations of archaeologists and historians. Peter Underhill’s team [10] marks Poland as a cradle of Slavic R1a branches. Those who possess R1a, called by Klyosov: “Arains” [22], took control of large parts of central and eastern Europe, reaching Norway and Iceland as well (Table 1). The basis of this genetic relation is a frequent occurrence of R1a haplogroup and its most important subgroup, marked: M417 (also known as R1a1a1; it is the most frequent big subgroup of R1a), as well as later developed subgroups M458 (R1a1a1b, currently most frequently appearing in eastern Europe in Czechs, Slovaks, Poles and western Belarussians) and Z93 (R1a1a2, currently most frequent in Altay, south Siberia, Kyrgyzstan and Iran). In the area inhabited by Scythians and Sarmatians dominate subgroups Z93 and M417, and Poland itself is the undisputable epicentre of M458 (estimated frequency in Polish population is 20%, while outside of central and eastern Europe it does not exceed 7%) and M558 occurrence (estimated frequency in Poles exceeds 26%; this group only appears so frequently in Western Belarus and Russia, while in Western Europe it is 10 times less common) [10]. Lack of foreign genetic influence suggests that Slavs are autochthons of lands stretching from the Oder to the Dnieper, and from the Baltic Sea to Carpathia. Genetics also excludes the theories of, so called, eastern origin of the Slavs. People living in what is today’s Poland from 200 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. (called Geats, Goths or Vandals by some researchers) possessed identical Mt DNA, as modern Poles [23]. Those live here continuously from at least 200 B.C.E. [23], where some geneticists extend this period to about 4000 B.C.E. [24,25].

Moreover, genetic studies of haplogroups of mitochondrial DNA in a new archaeological and archaeo-genetic research confirm that people inhabiting the southern territories of present-day Poland are genetically close to earlier communities from these areas before 2000 BC [26]. Well, according to new archaeological and archaeological research, we can say that people living in the southern territories of today's Poland over 4,000. years ago, they were genetically close to earlier communities in these areas [26]. Then, in the Bronze Age, i.e. over 3,000 years ago, in today's southern Poland, there were three population groups, characterized by archaeologists using three terms: the Mierzanowice, Strzyżów culture and the Trzciniec cultural circle. Genetic studies of mtDNA (female inheritance) from 80 skeletons excavated in the cemeteries of these cultures show that there was a continuity of population. However, from the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, there was an influx and interbreeding of the local population with the nomadic population of the Eastern-European steppes. It also turned out that in the communities that were several hundred years later: the Mierzanowice culture or the Trzciniec cultural circle - genetic continuity (related to the Corded Ware culture) was visible, present in the female lines. Dr Eng. Anna Juras from the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland) stated in an interview: "We found that representatives of communities associated with the Mierzanowice, Strzyżów and Trzciniec cultural circles (which existed from 2400 to 1100 BC), genetically resembled populations from the steppe from the Black Sea area - and their descendants, including communities related to the Corded Ware culture." [14,15].

Is it not a confirmation of strong ties, perhaps even identity, the Scythian state and the legendary Lechia? Several works have already been published on the genetic and cultural relationships of the Ario-Slavic peoples [5,27,28], and the editor-in-chief of the quarterly "Ido Movement for Culture: Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology" invited to a possible polemic. It is worth adding that the Vistula basin was probably the pre-seat of the Slavs. This is the result of the research by Peter Ralph and Graham Coop [29-31,11]. This confirms the theory of the autochthonous origin of the Slavs. The research by Kowalski [32] indirectly shows that the Slavs have inhabited the lands east of the Elbe and the Soława for centuries, and to this day the inhabitants of these areas are genetically different from the inhabitants of other regions of Germany.

Some Other Justifications

The languages and beliefs of Arias and Scythians are very similar to Lechitic tribes’ languages and beliefs of primal Slavs. Traces of the beliefs can be found in myths, legends and chronicles, as well as in symbolism (for example the Sun symbols) [28,33-35]. Makuch [34] sees also Iranic and Scythian mythologies’ influence on Polish and Czech chronicling. The results of archaeological research carried out in 2016 in the Podkarpacie region revealed a great settlement of the Scythian culture - the farthest settlement of this culture to the west [36]. Was it possible that at the beginning of the Slavic region this culture was permeating the territory of the Lusatian archaeological culture [31]? Languages used by Scythians and primal Slavs were most likely similar [37,38]. As soon as 1857 Polish orientalist Ignacy Pietraszewski [39] was proving that Avestian and Polish languages are closely related. It was an important discovery because Slavic languages are in reality more similar to languages of ancient Iran and India, than any other European languages. What is emblematic, Avestian language contains a nasal vowel (ã), and today similar phones (ą and ę) only appear in Polish. Maybe it is better to use the term “Ario-Slavic languages” [28], instead of “Indo-Iranic” and “Balto-Slavic”? Primal satem languages, which construct the trunk of the Indo-European language family are concerned.

Slavs’ autochthonism in biological continuance in the area of today’s Poland is confirmed by linguists, or at least, they are inclined to such thesis [17,40,41]. Witold Mańczak proved that in the light of statistical data, original habitat of Indo-Europeans overlaps with the habitat of Slavs. That means it was located in Vistula’s and Oder’s basins. Baltic tribes on the other hand emerged as a result of migration north and meeting Finno-Ugric peoples [42], nota bene with haplogroup N. So, the language of Vandals/Wends was an early Slavic language [30,43,44].

Polish chroniclers mostly agree that Krak ruled in the same years as Xerxes I (5th century B.C.E.). This Krak was supposed to lead Slavic tribal confederation’s warriors, win over the Celts, become a king and found Kraków (Wawel). Both Scythians and Lechites were judged on a basis of their brave spirit and body endurance [16,34]. According to Lechitic country’s extent in the master Wincenty’s chronicle, Great Scythia reached from the Danube to Iran [16,34]. Does it mean that Polish chroniclers praised Scythian kings? Master Wincenty known as Kadłubek wrote that our brave ancestors won over Danish isles residents and made their country a fief [16]. It happened on Lechia’s north-western frontier. Lechites won over Celts, extending Lechia to Carinthia, Bulgaria and Parthia in the south [16].

Jan Długosz [20] wrote that “Lech, father of Lechites, so Poles” reigned before 5th century B.C.E. Lech’s country extended from the Elbe in the west to the Dnieper and the Dniester in the east and from the Sarmatian Sea (Baltic Sea) in the north to Sarmatian Mountains (Carpathian Mountains) in the south. Rus was supposed to be Lech’s descendant. After the reign of twelve Voivodes about 500 B.C.E. Krak I reigned and he conquered the Gauls and subjugated Czechs [20]. Pre-Christian Lechia was a country of Slavic tribes that were never won over by the Romans. Only Franks – the army of Charlemagne – won over the Lechites in 765, which coincides with the fall of the Popielids dynasty. This is according to both the above-mentioned old Polish chronicles.

Discussion

“German archaeologists of tendential and chauvinistic attitude who supported ethnic method of Gustaf Kossinna’s school only saw German peoples in the discussed area in late La Tène period and identified Przeworsk culture with Vandals and Oksywie culture with Burgundians” [45]. Polish archaeologists, on the other hand, proved the continuity of Slavic settlement in Vistula’s and Oder’s basin [46]. Lechitic Slavs’ presence in today’s area of Germany is concluded also by some German researchers [4]. Early Slavs with R1a haplogroup in Sorbian Eulau on Soława (Ger. Saale) already existed in 2700 B.C.E. [47]. A battle on Tollense (Tolęża or Dołęża; about 1250-1200 B.C.E.) was fought between a few thousand warriors [48,49]. Lechites (or their ancestors with R1a) had to be already decently organised since they most likely won. It is supported by the fact of settlement of this area – in the vicinity of ancient keeps of Rostock and Rethra (Lechitic tribes of Tollensians and Redarians) – through the ages to come. According to Zbigniew Gołąb, ancestors of Polish people lived in the area from the Oder to the Don since 700 B.C.E. Maybe they were “Scythian farmers” also known as “ploughing men” [21]? It would be between 5th century B.C.E. and 5th century A.D., according to Gołąb [50], the Budinians, a nomadic tribe, mentioned by Herodotus [book IV], living in the woods and steppe in between the Dnieper and the Volga, neighbors of Scythians and Sarmatians, could have been the Early Slavs. Despite their nomadic lifestyle they built wooden keeps. They took part in a war with a Persian king Darius about 513 B.C.E. as Scythian allies.

In 1st century, the area of today’s Poland and Ukraine were occupied by – in ancients’ writings (Strabo, Tacitus, Ptolemeus [2nd c.]) – “a great nation of Lugii” (Lendyans?). Next, the Slavs were being related with Wends (among others, a gothic historian Jordanes, in the 4th century) [45]. Amongst the first West Slavic statehoods is Great Moravia – 805-907 A.D., that unified part of the lands and tribes, including the Principality of Nitra (Slovaks) and Vistulan Duchy (today’s Lesser Poland). Later the center of the Slavic world moved to Prague (Czechs) and to Gniezno (Polans). It may be assumed that Lechitic kingdom existed in today’s Poland long before duke Mieszko I and king Bolesław I the Brave (967-1025), who for example, united a significant part of Lechitic lands. The list of Polish and Lechitic rulers compiles 14 figures before Mieszko I [51]. However, they are rather legendary characters, so their historical functioning requires only scientific confirmation / proving. In a concept of fighting men’s anthropology [52] it was proved that warlike Polans united Polish lands and could stand against German expansion. ”On the basis of bravery and courage, the notions of honour and dignity were built as well as whole ethical systems and noble behaviour codes. Military cultures developed rules of discipline and obedience, moral norms and idealism of ambitions.” [52], and it applies to war traditions developed since the Early Slavs’ arrival on the Vistula. These ancient ancestors were probably the first Indo-Europeans – Ario-Slavs (Proto-Aryan and Proto-Slavic) with the dominant haplogroup R1a1 Y-DNA. More and more archaeological, anthropological, genetic and linguistic evidence supports the abandonment of the allochthonous theory in favour of a full confirmation of the theory of the autochthonous presence of the Proto-Slavic people in the area of Lusatian archaeological culture [53,54]. They were probably the direct ancestors of today's Poles and other Western Slavs, and to a large extent also Eastern Slavs. There was no settlement gap, but the permanent settlement of the areas indicated above. As a result of the research carried out in the Odra and Vistula river basins, "high biological similarity between the population inhabiting these lands since ancient times" was found [54].

In his impressive work entitled "Slavic antiquities" (796 pages, including numerous source texts quoted) Slovak scholar Paweł Józef Szafarzyk points to the "long presence of the Slavs in Europe" - (...) "the peoples of the Slavic tribe are ancient inhabitants of Europe who, (...) since prehistoric times (…) They will settle here” [55]. This author proves this thesis by citing numerous historical sources. As the oldest, he indicates the testimonies of the Winds and Serbs, names he considers the earliest. "Amber and the Weneds who collected it were known to the Greeks from time immemorial" [ibid.: 79]. Timeus uses the Finnish / Estonian name Wannoma as the land of the Wends (Wann) [ibid.: 82]. The name Vindi is more primitive than Venedi. Cornelius Nepos and Pliny used both names respectively. Later the Wends were mentioned by Ptolemy of Alexandria and others. In turn, Pliny the Roman lists Serbs in his work from 79 CE, and later also other writers [55]. What is the state of knowledge currently popularized in relation to the beginnings of the Slavic region? The encyclopedia PWN [56-60] provides such an explanation for the entry "Slavs": "a group of Indo-European peoples (related to the so-called Proto-Slavic language), out of which in the early Middle Ages Slavic nations began to form; the issue of S. ethnogenesis - controversial; the most popular hypotheses locating S. between the Oder and the middle Dnieper; in the first millennium they were broken into the western S. - Wenedów, associated with the Przeworsk culture, and maybe also the Oksywie (ancestors of Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, S. Połabski), eastern - Antes (...), southern S. - Sklawines (...)”. The thing is, however, much more complicated; The encyclopedia gave the shortest possible information, a kind of brief sketch. It has also not been decided whether the ancient settlement of the lands between the Oder and the Dnieper took place, or only during the medieval migrations of peoples. Neither newer encyclopedias nor Wikipedia do decide on the validity of the auto- or allochthonous theory of the appearance of the Slavs [61-63].

Conclusions

The Scythians were physically similar to today's Poles and portraying them as slanted Asians is completely wrong. The Slavs may be descended from the Scythian plowmen. The neighborhood with Persia probably influenced the spiritual and material culture of the Scythians. However, it was not Persia, its language and mythology that were adopted by the Slavs, as Piotr Makuch [34] claims, and perhaps the other way around. Both religious knowledge (Hindu Vedas), the ethos of warriors and the linguistic canon come from the Aryan-Slavic trunk. The Lechites took it over directly or under the influence of the neighborhood from the Scythians. Their DNA and language were different than in Persia - the advantage of R1a among the Scythians and R1b among the Persians.

The theory of the late appearance of the Slavs in Central Europe was falsified by the results of genetic research by a team led by Peter Underhill (cited above) and by studies by other authors representing various scientific disciplines, such as: archeology [4], genetics [14,15,26], anthropology [1,54] and interdisciplinary. The confirmation of the hypothesis that the ”genetic studies proved the autochthonic theory of Polish origin” is the next opinion in a long-standing academic dispute of Polish supporters of autochthonic theory and its opponents. Genetic studies proved the autochthonic theory of Polish origin to be true at least as by the 2nd century BCE or possibly about 2000 BCE. The Scythian and Slavic peoples grow out of the same Indo-European genetic trunk, or rather, they are branches of the same thicker limb. New research directions and ideas should take into account subsequent genetic tests, both Y-DNA and mtDNA, preferably fossil DNA. The territory of Poland is becoming an interesting area of archaeological research. It is also worth continuing interdisciplinary systemic research. A series of hypotheses have yet to be tested.

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