Solving the Darwinian Paradoxes by “Sun Model of Civilization”, Re-Examine the Origin Of Human Volume 9 - Issue 2

Wanpeng Sun*

• Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Canada

Received:February 13, 2024;   Published: February 29, 2024

Corresponding author:Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Canada

DOI: 10.32474/JAAS.2024.09.000306

 

Abstract PDF

Abstract

There are many paradoxes according to Darwinian evolution theory. For example, homosexuality is influenced by gene. The same sex sexual behavior provides neither reproductive nor survival benefit according to Darwinian theory. This is called a Darwinian Paradox. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Theory of Evolution, to explain the Darwinian Paradoxes like that. In the Sun Theory, animals cannot evolve into human beings. Humans are intelligent beings since the beginning of the time when the earth entered a stable stage. According to Sun Theory, the current human species, Homo sapiens, originated from a handful of survivors after a worldwide disaster, like a global flood or a destructive war. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extends the Albert Einstein’s most famous proverb: “I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.” A severe war brought civilization down to the Stone Age, and human society had to restart again. Further, we proposed our new human evolution/civilization model, “Sun Model of Civilization”. Based on the new model and novel theory, human has high-level of prehistorical civilization, a global disaster destroyed the records, and made it “prehistorical”. Civilization may have repeating cycles, and this explains many abnormal observations. In Sun Theory, the Stone Age is around the bottom of the curve and is a gap period between two better civilization stages. It is a difficult age for humans, who go down to the bottom and survive in very harsh natural environments with minimal tools. It is noteworthy that it is extremely rare for a highly civilized human to become fossil, because he knows to avoid the dangerous marshland and the body is usually cremated when he die. This explains that there are lack of human fossils beyond the Stone Age. In addition, the current Carbon-14 dating, the major radioisotope experiment used to measure the archaeology time for human origins, is only reliable for up to 60,000 years. Further, radioisotope dating is not accurate if there are changes in environments, e.g. isotope deficiency in habitats, carbon ratios from nuclear activities and fossil fuel burning. Thus, the current dating methods are not ready to study human relics beyond the Stone Age. Unfortunately, such technical limits are often ignored because of the influences from the dominating belief, the Darwinian evolution.

Keywords:Downgrade Evolution; Human Selection; Paradox; Sun Theory of Evolution; Sun Model of Civilization

Introduction

Darwinian evolution theory, Darwinism, states that species evolve from simple to complex [1]. In Darwinism, species can change over time, new species come from pre-existing species, and all species share a common ancestor. Organisms with the best-suited characteristics for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Thus, humans evolved from primate animals according to this evolution theory. There are many paradoxes associate with Darwinism. For example, homosexuality is influenced by gene [2], but it cannot be explained by Darwinism. In this theory, individuals with traits that enable them to adapt to their environments will help them survive and have more offspring, which will inherit those traits. The same-sex sexual behavior provides neither reproductive nor survival benefit according to Darwinism. This is a well-known Darwinian paradox [3]. For another example, virus has simplest structure. According to Darwinism, species evolve from simple to complex; therefore, it should be virus, then prokaryotic, eukaryotic, then human beings. However, clearly, many virus evolves after human. It is another paradox. The first part of those Darwinian Paradoxes always assumes that the Darwinism is right. This is the dominant viewpoint. Historically, Darwinian evolution theory helps scientists to seek freedom by raising different opinions against the churches and helps people get rid of the enduring influences left from the medieval remnant. However, it cannot explain many unique discoveries like the human footprints in the Dinosaur Age [4], the ancient map illustrating the 12-million-year-ago south pole without ice (the map in Topkapi Palace Library archives in Istanbul, Turkey), 400,000,000-year-old hammer, the 300,000,000-year-old screw, the 250,000,000-year-old microchip and the 7000-year-old airport. All of these discoveries are ignored because of their “no fit” to the theoretical frame of evolution. Darwinian evolution, is not deemed as true by many modern scientists [5-7]. With the emerging of biomedical sciences, Darwinian followers tried to explain the evolution by gene variation/mutation. However, it is impossible from a species to evolve to another through gene variation or mutation. For example, genes that are variable within natural populations can only affect minor aspects of form and function; on the other hand, those genes that govern major changes do not vary or vary only to the detriment of the organism [6]. Moreover, minor mutations are common but cannot create significant evolutionary change; major mutations are rare and fatal. In another word, one species cannot evolve to another species as proposed by Darwinism.

Regarding human evolution, there is no fossil evidence that realistically support Darwinism. Their fossil “evidence” is not examined rigorously and should not be treated as an evolving species. To date, two fossils, named Ardi and Lucy, were utilized as the “hard” evidence for human evolution from primate animals. Ardi is a female skeleton that dates from 4.4 million years ago. The bones that make up Ardi’s feet are like human, different from animals. Ardi has long arms and long big toes. This could be due to multiple causes. Even many humans have those traits. For example, long arms over the knee were deemed a noble sign of Buddha. However, Darwinian followers use that as the “evidence” to show she was evolving from primate to human. Lucy is also a female fossilized skeleton, and dates from 3.2 million years ago (Figure 1). Lucy’s bones have curved toes. Many modern people also have these traits. Again, this could be due to multiple causes. Again, Darwinian followers use Lucy as the “evidence” to show she was evolving from primate to human. Lucy has a relatively small skull. This is not uncommon in many humans e.g. those with microcephaly or those with the cortex specific overexpression of BAF170, the intrinsic factor controlling skull size. However, it was misinterpreted as “apelike” by Darwinian followers. After all, these two skeletons are just two cases throughout millions of years (at most: 1 case per million year); it is not statistically significant. Given the fact that thousands of people are diagnosed with developmental abnormalities in skeletons each year (at least: 1000 case per year), these two fossils across over a million years should not be used to represent the majority of human beings: the ratio would be less than 1 in 500 million: (2/1,000,000)/ (1000/1) = 1/500,000,000. It is outlandish for a theory to be assumed based on such “hard” evidence. It is noteworthy that all contemporary equipment have limitations. The aforementioned 4.4 and 3.2 million years actually based on estimates by scientists. We still quote these numbers because that is the best we can do so far. In fact, the current carbon-14 dating, the major radioisotope experiments used to measure the archaeology time, is only reliable for up to 60,000 years. Further, radioisotope dating is not accurate if there are changes in carbon ratios due to climate changes, nuclear activities and fossil fuel burning. Unfortunately, such technical limits are frequently overlooked because of the influences from the dominating belief, the Darwinian evolution. In order to do a research, scientists need to apply for grants. In order to get the grant, many scientists have to tailor their discoveries to match the current frame of beliefs of their reviewers.

Taken together, many important anthropological and archaeological discoveries are ignored or modified to either adapt to known “time frame” or fit into the Darwinian theory. For example, giant human footprints alongside the dinosaur tracks in a Cretaceous limestone at Texas have already been discovered a century ago, as early as 1910. It is up to 64 cm long, equal to a human of 4-5 meter high. Nonetheless, no one could believe it. In 1940s, it is carefully examined by Dr. Geologist Burdick and verified as the human footprints; however, most people are not ready to believe that. In 1980s, it was published in Newspapers, but could not be published in any academic journal. It is only recently raised a concern after 57 of such giant human footprints have been discovered. For another example, in ancient Turkey tombs, fossilized bones of giant humans were uncovered. At least from two sites, the human femur (leg bone) is found to be 120 cm, about four feet long; the foot length is 20-22 inch; the giants are 3-5 meter high. To make sure the accuracy, the results were cross-examined and verified by the Mt. Blanco Fossil Museum, Texas (Figure 2). However, this discovery is again being ignored because it does not fit into the Darwinian theoretical frame.

To date, there are two major opinions about the human origin: God Made or Evolved from Animals. The first opinion is stated in Bible and several ancient legends. The second opinion is the Darwinism, which is initially proposed by Darwin and Huxley. In academia, the dominant idea is Darwinism, even though it cannot perfectly explain the human origin and many discoveries. Due to publication pressure, many scientific workers choose Darwinian evolution theory, since it is easy to publish if they view the evidence in line with this theory. For example, the earliest known ‘bird’, Archaeoptery, is proved to be a fake artifact. Despite of that, it is still published in textbooks, influencing millions of generations by generations. Just recently, some scholars made a similar fake fossil again and tried to publish in top journals, such as Nature and Science [8]. In spite of the fact that Darwinian theory has a number of disputing topics, we mainly focus on human in this article. Earlier this year, Dr. Sun has published his model of universe, named the Sun Model of Universe [9]. In the Sun Model of Universe, our big universe consists of many smaller universes, which could have parallel civilizations like humans. Thus, there is the possibility that human beings are from outside of the earth. This is in line with the new discovery that there was civilization in Mars, but it was wiped out by nuclear disasters [10]. Hereby, we proposed a new theory to study the origin of human. We also proposed a model of civilization that provides insightful explanations on many discoveries, phenomena, observations, paradoxes, and issues, like the human origin.

Sun Model of Civilization and Sun Evolution Theory

Time is one of most important points in anthropological and archaeological sciences. When scholars propose a hypothesis or conduct a research, it usually starts from the time: when this prehistorical event could be happened? In addition to comparative studies on literatures, the current timings or dating’s are mainly based on: Radio Isotope Testing. Scientists can have imagination to fit discoveries into previous believes or popular theories. They can also have other scientific methods, like DNA analyses. But none of these can directly tell the exact archaeological time except the Radio Isotope Testing. Carbon-14 dating, the major radio-isotope experiments, is used to measure the archaeology time, is only reliable for up to 60,000 years. Carbon-14 dating works by comparing the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,700 years. After half million years, only 1% left. After 1 million years, only 0.5% left, which can be easily interfered by a number of events. The same principles applied to other radio isotope studies. There are approaches that use other radio isotopes, i.e. potassium-40 and urani-um-235; but there are limitations with those approaches. Potassium-40 needs to be studied with rocks formed around volcano. U-235 can be washed away by water and has too many degradants and sub-degradants; it is used to study something that can precipitates or grow from such water e.g. speleothems and coral, but not human. After all, there is no reliable dating methods that can study archaeology events. In another word, researchers only studied a very small portion of the archaeological events with a limited vision. It is not uncommon that a lab finds a human “species” that “origins” from 2 million years ago and another lab finds the stone tools used by this “species” dated back to 3 million years. It used to be said that scientists are “often in error but never in doubt.”

Nowadays most of peer scientists changed their attitudes to “never in errors.” Such an attitude is very helpful to win a grant, claim an achievement and get a promotion, but also creates boundaries for novel research. To break the boundaries and overcome those limits, we proposed a new theory, the Sun Evolution Theory that states:
• Human, as an intelligent being, is not from any animal. Human is on earth since the very early age after the earth came into beings. There are prehistorical human civilizations with high intelligence.
• The current human species, Homo sapiens, originated from a handful of survivors after a worldwide disaster, like a global flood or a destructive war. Like the Albert Einstein’s most famous proverb: “I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones”, a severe war could have happened in the past and brought a civilization down to the stone age; thus the human civilization had to restart again. This is in line with the DNA evidence that all current human beings are from the sub-Saharan Africa, where could be the location of end-of-day bunker. This place is also the approximate location of “Garden of Eden” believed by current wisdom.
• Who made the first human beings? The Sun Theory did not deny the possibility of creation, but it proposes a new angle of view: there is a possibility that the human beings on the earth are from the space. Those could be a one-way travel due to the huge distances in the light-year scale. Alternatively, due to the declining of civilization, human lost the ability to return.
• Further, we proposed an innovative human evolution/ civilization model, “Sun Model of Civilization”. Based on the new model and novel theory, human civilizations are repeating cycles. Not only this is matching common beliefs among ancient cultures, but also this model faithfully explains many discoveries, phenomena, observations, paradoxes, and issues. For example, the ancient airport that was built by Sumerians 7000 years ago, the 5000-year-old pyramids with huge stones that need to be moved by antigravity technology [11] and the ancient map showing 12-million-year-ago Antarctic without snow and ice, all of these are from the remnant of an advanced civilization as proposed by the Sun Model. This also explains the legendary high civilization of Atlantics: for some reasons, they were initially spared from the aforementioned global disaster, before the sunk of their continent.
• Human civilization has cycles (Figure 3). It has repeating cycles of Golden, Intermediate and Dark Ages according to Sun Model. There are long archeological periods during switching be-tween these stages; in the meantime, the human anatomy, power, technology and morality could also change.
• As shown in Figure 3, human civilizations have repeating cycles. In the Golden Age of this cycle, humans have high morality, perfect technologies, long life span and giant bodies, even with superpower like antigravity flying, magic healing and spiritual communications. Due to envying and jealous to each other, frictions start. The frictions are escalated into conflictions. Humans start to lose supernatural power, entering the declining stage with declined morality, reduced intelligence, shorter life expectations, shorter body, and lower technologies. After the declining stage, human eventually enters the Dark Age. Either a natural disaster or a man-made war destructs the civilization to stone ages. According to Sun Theory, the current human species, Homo sapiens, originated from a handful of survivors after a worldwide disaster. Then, through evolution, human reaches today’s stage, the modern civilization, a critical stage, where things can happen into both directions, either toward better civilization or back to stone age or even extinction –like the nuclear wipe-down happened in Mars [10].

• Human beings, as intelligent beings, are present during the most part of the geological time. With the advance of science, it is just a matter of time to get solid evidence supporting the Sun Theory and Model, if we could break some of the boundaries blocking discoveries, which will be dis-cussed in next section. One thing should be mentioned here: it is almost impossible for a civilized human to become a fossil for archeological studies. Basically, no persons would voluntarily suck themselves into the marsh muds to preserve their bodies for future fossil studies. There is only one possibility for this happens: due to some pressures, e.g. hunting in Stone Age, people have to travel through such marshland without better options. During normal civilization, a civilized city is usually far from rural marshland or volcano. In another word, it is hard to find a human fossil beyond the Stone Age, even there were billions of humans.
• The Stone Age is a tough period for human surviving in nature. Humans have to survive from disaster, seek for new resources and evolve for new civilization. In Sun Theory, Stone Age is a gap period between the pre-stone-age civilization and post-stone-age civilization, both of which have better living standards. This is in line with that all human fossils are discovered around stone ages. As discussed above, humans have to go through marshland in more frequency without other opinions and without protective equipment.
• We proposed that human had high civilization, which declined to the Stone Age. This is like Rome, which did not fall in one day. With the declining of morality and power, our prehistorical civilization encountered several disasters made either by humans or by nature. One of them called “The Great Dying”. About 250 million years ago, 9 in 10 marine species and 7 in 10 land species vanished. NASA is still investigating if it is a “crime” or a merely accident [12]. About 65 million years ago came another disaster, well known as the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction that signaled the end of the dinosaurs. It is worthy of mentioning that humans are intelligent beings, and those disasters can weaken, but not enough to extinct a civilization. Finally, a global disaster happened, either through a flood as mentioned in Bible, hit by an object (like comets) from space or via a severe war. That civilization was wiped down. That global disaster destroyed the records, and made the previous civilization become “prehistorical”. Even if the few survivors knew the technology, they could not rebuild the civilization without the supply chains and industrial bases. Even though there were end-of-date buckers/facilities to store food and make electricity, it would not last for a long period. Finally, the survivors and their offspring had to re-explore the word, lived in caves and got food by hunting, fishing, and primitive agriculture.
• The Sun Theory did not completely deny the natural selection, as proposed by Darwin. In addition to natural selection, we add human selection, into the forces of evolution, while recognizing the power of human civilization. This is also solved the “great Darwinian paradox [6]” questioned by geneticists, which will be discussed in details on section 3.

The Sun Theory matches with many ancient theories that are from higher civilizations, which could be traced to the time of Atlantis. For example, human societies experienced five different stages - gold, silver, bronze, heroic, and iron stages - with the fall of man according to Greek philosophers. Further, the Sun Theory can explain many paradoxes, discoveries and phenomena that will be discussed in latter texts. Additionally, Sun Theory thought the human body size also changes associated these cycles. Body and soul are integrated together and interact each other. When declining from Golden Age, humans’ spiritual statuses go down and their body size is declining with morality. We named this as Downgrade Evolution, an evolution toward bad. This explains the discoveries of ancient giant humans, who were living in a better stage than now. As aforementioned discovery from very ancient (fossilized) turkey tombs, the human has giant bodies, 3-5 meter high. This aligns with the discovery that a human finger found in cretaceous limestone [13]. It is estimated that its full length is about 15 cm (6 inches) (Figure 4). Excavations of its around limestone revealed a child’s tooth. Based on the ratio between the finger length and the body length, that human could be 3-4 meter high, and may be a child. This is in the close range with the 4-5 meter high humans, who made the footprints alongside the dinosaur tracks in a Cretaceous limestone at Texas, as discussed earlier. In the older Golden Age, human body could even much higher than that. Because the human was too big, we cannot believe and then recognize a stone as fossil. This is in line with the observations that there are many big stones like human bodies or organs, like heads, noses, knees, legs, arms and penises. Further, big human footprints are found alongside the dinosaur tracks discovered not only in Texas, but also in Asia [4]. Thus, human is co-exist with the dinosaur. By further examining the trace patterns, it seems like that the human is hanging around with a dinosaur, just like a contemporary person hiking with a dog. The dinosaurs could be a social animal like today’s horse or domestic elephant. In Darwinism, the evolution happens from simple to complex. In our Sun Model of Evolution, it is a bi-direction. We also agreed that human and the human society could evolved when restarting from stone age to modern civilization; but this is just one of stages in civilization cycle. In Darwinian evolution, competition is an important concept. There are several human species lived at the same time and it is our species, Homo sapiens, killed the other human species either directly or indirectly according to many Darwinian believers. Some of those even used such speculation to make a “conclusion” that human is intrinsically evil and justify bad deeds as “reasonable”, which have caused severe social problems. According to Sun Theory, the other human (homo) species are not distinct species: they could be other groups of survivors after a global disaster. A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Under this definition, both a bulldog and a miniature dog belong to a same species, Canis familiari, despite their huge body differences. Therefore, those homo “species” should be referred as different populations rather than distinct “species”. They simply became extinct due to the hardship of surviving in the natural environment or the hardness to have offspring. This is in line with the fact that, even with modern equipment, thousands of people have died in natural hazard environments, like the Amazon forests, due to the hardship of surviving in nature. This number is far more beyond the estimated sizes of any other homo “species”. After all, only couples of fossils of other human “species” are uncovered. For example, there is only one fossil is found for Homo naledi. Moreover, only a handful of homo fossils have been found in Africa, where the modern human beings, Homo sapiens, originally came from. This cannot be flawlessly explained by the Darwinism’s key concepts, such as the advantage of population size for natural selection. In contrast, our explanation is more straightforward: they are just a small group of survivors or offspring’s of survivors. Sun Theory is also supported by the evidences found for cavemen. After a civilization is destroyed, the living condition falls down to the Stone Age; human survivors and their descendants have to live in caves, which is a shelter, better than nothing. Again, our explanation is more straightforward and logically than Darwinism. Logically, a man living in a cave does not mean that man is evolving from animal.

According to Sun Theory and Sun Model, human does not just show up millions of years ago. In-stead, humans are highintelligent beings landed the earth not far from its formation. This will be illuminated through the advance of science, when we found more reliable dating methods with better attitudes to treat new discoveries. In addition, the life of earth could be much longer since there are limitations. There are errors in current methodology to determine the geological ages, not only in analytical aspects, but also due to some boundaries, which will be discussed later. For the same reason, the dating on prehistorical human civilization is compromised. There is a possibility that human presents even earlier than animals in the earth. Stone Age is just a special stage in the civilization cycle. The whole cycle could last much longer than previously imagined.

Discussion

Our proposed Sun Model of Civilization and Sun Theory of Evolution can perfectly explain the root causes of many abnormal observations, paradoxes and historically argued issues. They provide insightful interpretation on Darwinian paradoxes and novel discoveries, as well as many popular puzzles.

Nuclear Reactor That Is 1.7 billion Years Old

An ancient nuclear reactor is found from Oklo mines in Gabon, West Africa. It is dated back to around 2 billion years ago. According to Darwinism, human has not evolved from animals; so it deemed as completely natural facility. It is very stable: by utilizing the surrounding water flows, there are heat-up and cool-down cycles and the reactions go for hundreds of thousands of years. According to Sun Theory, it can operate automatically, but not naturally. It is made by prehistorical human when they are in a better stage (e.g. Golden Stage or Decline Stage, Figure 3). Essentially, a nuclear reactor needs complicated supplies, delicate designs and sophisticated mechanisms; it is impossible to form naturally. Further, 17 fission reactor sites are found around that mine [14], and they were likely to be built up together in one engineering project. Furthermore, there are many places in the earth with similar geological conditions and mineral components. If the Oklo reactor can come into being naturally, their counterparts can also form reactors naturally. Actually, none of them can form naturally. Thus, Sun Theory is supported.

Kabwe Skull and Ancient Airplanes

The Kabwe Skull (Figure 5) is the first fossil discovered in Africa with Homo sapiens characteristics, dating back up to 300 thousand years ago. Surprisingly, it has a bullet hole that was made by something like a gun. It can be easily explained by the Sun Theory since there are prehistorical civilizations present. Nevertheless, it is another puzzle for Darwinian evolution believers. In this skull, a small perfectly-round hole is found on the left side of the cranium, as well as a shattered parietal plate on the opposite side. This suggests the projectile that entered on the left side, passed through the skull with such force that it completely shattered the right side. Ancient weapons, like a javelin or spear, could not make such a hole, since investigations proved this was not possible. Rather than an alien type of scenario, there is a possibility that a remnant of an advanced civilization as proposed by the Sun Model. The Sun Theory can easily explain this discovery: the hole was made by a gun, which was made in prehistorical civilization. Even after a disaster like a nuclear war, the survivors still kept their weapons, or know, where locate the storage facilities of those weapons or their components. It is noteworthy that those storage places can be climate-controlled, pest-controlled, supplied with energy, which could last for hundreds of thousands of years by something that is similar to the above-mentioned automated reactors. Further, the survivors and their offspring made still keep the design and accessories for a significant amount of time. Unfortunately, the remnant of a civilization will diminish eventually. This speculation can also explain the airplane models found from many ancient cultures. For ex-ample, Egypt found an airplane model (Figure 6) from an ancient tomb over 2200 years ago. The model has the exact proportions of a very advanced form of “pusher-glider” that can stay in the air almost by itself while carrying an enormous payload. This is from the remnant of an advanced civilization ac-cording to Sun Theory. After a disaster destroyed the supplier chains, people who know how to make an airplane could only make one in model. Later on, their descendants can only repeat the model by wood.

Darwinian Paradoxes

Sun Theory perfects solved many paradoxes associated with Darwinian evolution theory. For example, the above-mentioned Darwinian paradox in homosexuality cannot be explained by the Darwinism. In their theory, individuals with traits that enable them to adapt to their environments will help them survive and have more offspring, which will inherit those traits. The samesex sexual behavior provides neither reproductive nor survival benefit according to Darwin. According to the Sun Theory, humans do not evolved from animals. The same-sex sexual behavior is for enjoyment when people live in a better condition rather than just for surviving. Even moving through the cycle of civilization (Figure 3), this trait remains to today. For another example, virus has simplest structure. Although virus has not been found yet in Darwin’s time, Darwinian followers believe that species evolve from simple to complex as proposed by Darwin [1]. According to Darwinism, virus is the simplest creature, even without a cell structure. Thus, the evolution history should be that: first virus, then prokaryote (cell without nucleus), eukaryotic cells (with nucleus), animals, and finally humans appear on the earth in such a sequence. However, clearly, many virus evolves after human. It is another Darwinian paradox. This paradox can be easily solved by Sun Theory: the human is already there even in the very stage of the earth.

It is noteworthy that the Sun Theory of Evolution and the Sun Model of Civilization are also challenging many traditional interpretations of interesting observations. In Sun theory, we introduce the human-selection concept, which presents when human civilization reaches a high level. This is an ad-dition to natural selection proposed by Darwin. Not only such human selection can happen in con-temporary science frame, but also human selection could have made some species in past civilizations. The innovative theory on Human Selection can solve the “great Darwinian paradox”, which is projected initially by the geneticist John McDonald [6]. McDonald observed: genes that are variable within natural populations can only affect minor aspects of form and function; on the other hand, those genes that govern major changes do not vary or vary only to the detriment of the organism. Thus, natural selection can only have a tiny weak effect to change a specie. In another word, one species cannot evolve to another species as proposed by Darwinism. Clearly, Darwinian explanation for the origin of new body plans is false. Again, our explanation is more straightforward: all the above statements and observations proposed by the geneticist John McDonald and its followers are correct. Darwinism has a wrongful understanding about the origin of species. Nonetheless, if one species cannot evolve into another species through natural selection, what is the origin of all kinds of species? Hereby, we proposed the concept of human selection. With the progress of science, we will be able to figure out more forces behind the origins of species.

In terms of evolution, we proposed that a species could have been created by the human selection. Once it comes into being, this species can evolved under the natural selection, but such natural selection is too weak to change a specie completely; this is in line with the above genetic observations by John McDonald. Here, we found supportive evidence for human selection: Platypus (Figure 7), which can lay eggs like a birth or reptile and can feed a baby by milk like a mammal. Genetically, it contains the mixture of mammals and birds, while some redundant unnecessary sequences are not found or could be deleted by the designers. In Sun theory, it is a creature created by a prehistorical genetic lab when human civilization level in a higher stage. It is in line with the aboriginal legends that the platypus originated from a duck mated with a water-rat. In Darwin’s opinion, it is due to natural selection. Since birds and mammals were deemed as two different parallel branches in Darwinian evolution, modern Darwinian believers cannot explain why Platypus’s DNA contains those sequences from both mammals and birds. Further, Platypus have ten sex chromosomes, while mammals (either XX or XY) and birds only have two set (ZZ/ ZW). In Platypus, all sex chromosomes are assembled in a certain pattern - X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5 (like the computer binary coding: 1010101010) during meiosis. Then, all five X chromosomes end up in one sperm and the five Yes in another. This is obviously a human-made design, out of the scope of Darwinism. These support the concept of Human Selection proposed in the Sun Theory of Evolution.

In addition, we also found a side evidence. Many species only have two sets of chromosomes, the carriers of genes. Two sets of chromosomes are enough for a species to survive; however, many agricultural plants have multiple sets of chromosomes to have better chances of growing and surviving, which could be made by prehistorical human like today’s artificial chromosome technology. Hereby, we speculate a way to prove that our theory is better: in a genetic lab, we usually add some tags for genes. Very often, we add His tag to the genes of recombinant proteins for the downstream extraction purposes [15-17]. Natural beings do not have such His tag. According the Darwinism, a species is not born for human to extract its proteins, and there is no natural selection advantage. One day, if scientists found a species containing His tag with the right position and length in its genome, it will be supportive to our Sun Theory and Model. If, in the near future, the proposed ideas in this article are testified, the main theoretical frame on evolution will be challenged and the origins of our human as well as other species have to be retold in a different way, in either a way of Bible or other ways of better theories. Many discoveries and phenomena have to be re-examined with new ideas. Therefore, the theory and model published in this article will contribute to important discoveries.

Boundaries that ought to break

Five major boundaries are blocking the discoveries of human fossils from previous civilizations: 1. Attitude. Joseph Goebbels said, “a lie told a thousand times becomes the truth.” Darwinism achieved such a goal through this technique. Brainwashed by textbooks propagandizing Darwin evolution, people cannot believe the prehistorical civilization. Many important anthropological and archaeological discoveries are ignored or modified to either adapt to “acceptable” time frame or fit into a popular theory, i.e. the Darwinian theory. For example, the above-mentioned human footprints alongside the dinosaur tracks in a Cretaceous limestone has already been found in 1910. It is up to 64 cm long, equal to a human of 4-5 meter high. But no one could believe it. In 1940s, it is verified by Dr. Geologist Clifford Burdick as the human footprints, but still no one would believe that. In 1980s, it is published in Newspapers, but still cannot be published in any academic journal. It is only recently raised a concern because 57 human footprints have been found in Cretaceous limestones. For another example, in an ancient turkey tomb groups, bones of giant humans were uncovered. In two sites, the human femur (leg bone) is found to be 120 cm, about 4 feet long; the foot length is 20-22 inch; The giants are 3-5 meter high. For the accuracy, the results were cross-examined and verified by the Mt. Blanco Fossil Museum, Texas. However, this discovery is again ignored because it does not fit into the Darwinian theoretical frame. Similarly, there are novel discoveries for 400,000,000-year-old hammer, 300,000,000-year-old screw, and 250,000,000 yearold microchips. However, all of these have been intentionally ignored because they cannot fit into current beliefs. As long as the resistant mind remains unchanged, more and more novel discoveries will be continuously ignored.
2. Dating Technology. In current science frame, there are limits for every testing method. As discussed above, carbon radioisotope dating is not accurate to date an archeological event over 60 thousand years. Other radio isotope studies, e.g. K-40 and U-235, have apparent disadvantages to study archeological and anthropological events. For an archeological/ anthropological event that is a million years old, it is largely based on estimations. In another word, for any civilization events that is older than one million years ago, there is no reliable methods for dating. The older, the worse. If there was certain isotope deficiency in the habitat or there were changes in carbon ratios from nuclear activities and fossil fuel burning by prehistorical civilization, there is no way to know when the event occurred. Like any decent analytical method, a reliable Radio Isotope method must be verified in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, range, repetitiveness, limit of detection, limit of quantitation… Unfortunately, such rigorous verifications were often not perform in most archeological research. It is quite common that Lab A finds a human “species” that “origins” from less than 2 million years ago and Lab B finds the stone tools used by this “species” dated back to more than 3 million years. Additionally, alternative methods are being proposed other than Radio Isotope Testing. For example, EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) is used. Even to a senior expert in EPR experiments like the author himself [16], the above-mentioned verification process is “easier said than done”. After all, this method has more limitations and difficulties than the popular radioisotope method. Unfortunately, the abovementioned technical limits of radioisotope methods are often disregarded because of the influences from the dominating belief, the Darwinian evolution. From this point of view, new methods are not necessary for a career as a paid scientific worker, who can be a good “team member” by following the mainstream of belief. However, as a senior expert, the author is one of best scientists in the world for analytical testing, tremendously knowledgeable on method developments. As the top of cream, the author understands that new dating methods are on high demand for rigorous anthropological/archeological studies and for the best interests of human beings.
3. Human beings are intelligent beings, who knows the danger. It is almost impossible for a human to become a fossil. In order to become a fossil, the body needs to be changed into stone to last nearly forever. Ideally, the body needs to be stuck into some places like the marshland where there is wet sediment with lots of dissolved silica; water slowly carries the silica into tiny spaces in the bone until the bone is changed to rock. In very rare case, if the body is buried by lava near a volcano, it can become a rock when the lava cools down. Definitely, nobody would burry themselves in marshland to become a fossil for future studies. Because of human intelligence, let us assuming a general human has 100X chances of survival than a dinosaur when facing a condition to become a fossil. Moreover, humans in the Golden Age or intermediate stages have much higher intelligent than current human. Assuming human beings with higher intelligence have at least 10X chances of survival than current human. Human has educations. The human know better to avoid dangerous situations than any other species. Humans also have tools to save them in such a situation. Assuming this increases 10X chances of survival or being rescued from becoming a fossil. When human and dinosaur coexist, human civilization has not burn down to the Stone Age yet. At that point, human civilization is better, utilizing metals, rather than stone tools. This is in line with the phenomena that there is no stone tool discovered before the Stone Age. At that point, there were cities, where are far from the marshland. Thus, there are more wild animals trapped into marshland to form fossil than human. Assuming this increase 1000X chances of survival. Totally, there should be 100X10X10X1000=10,000,000 times. Thus, even with the same size of population, the chance for a human to become a fossil is 10 million times lower than a dinosaur. Since human has the tradition of burning funerals, the chance to become a fossil is even far lower than the calculated. This explains there are more fossils of dinosaur than human. To date, only 15,000 dinosaur fossils are discovered. Assuming same population sizes between human and dinosaur, the number of human fossil can be found is: 15000/10000000 = 0.0015, basically 0. It is not surprising that no human fossil has been discovered in the Dinosaur Age. It is noteworthy that Cretaceous is believed as an age dominated by dinosaur. Actually, it is just another period dominated by human, when human coexisted with dinosaur. Last but not least, humans have religions, and many ancient religions, like those in Tibet and Mongolia, still treat the burning funeral as an honor. Burning often happen when it is required by laws and there is a need for sanitizing. In addition, in many cultures, the corpses were fed to animals (e.g. in Sky Burial), or put onto a tree or floating in water, which eventually become foods for animals. Thus, no corpse can be left, not even mentioning of the fossil. These are in line with the fact: scientists only found human fossils in Stone Age, when humans had to go through marshland without protection equipment.
4. Too big to see/believe. As aforementioned large footprint, most people would not believe it; this resistance continues for more than half century unless there are more than 50 evidences ac-cumulated. In more ancient Golden or near-Golden Ages, human body could be far larger than that. Because the human was too big, we cannot believe that, and even treat a fossil as a general stone. This is in line with the observations that there are many big stones like human organs, like noses, knees, pennies, legs, heads; however, nobody thought they could be fossils and nobody would bother to pay a test in any lab. By the way, any fossil will eventually turn into a stone with same components after billions of years.
5. The geological record is not complete. Ideally, there could be an area on the earth that have been receiving sedimentary deposits continually ever since the origin of the earth. However, it did not exist. Moreover, earth crust can sank into the mantle, and mantle can move out to the earth surface. This process can destroy many ancient geological evidence. Thus, the real age of earth could be longer than we know.

Conclusion

The Sun Model of Civilization is an innovative model and the Sun Evolution Theory will be a groundbreaking theory in the key stage of human evolution: a key stage when human has the technology and the morality status to either for a better life or a destructive war. To some extents, our proposed model and theory are closer to the reality than the Darwinism. First, civilization may have repeating cycles. In the Golden Age of this cycle, humans have high morality, perfect technologies, strong power, long lifespan, and giant bodies, even with super intelligences like antigravity flying, magic healing and spiritual communications. Due to envying and jealous to each other, humans have declined morality, lost supernatural power, with reduced intelligence, shorter life expectations, shorter body, and lower technologies. After the declining stage, human eventually enters the Dark Age. Either a natural disaster or a nuclear war destructed the civilization to stone ages. According to Sun Theory, the current human species, Homo sapiens, originated from a handful of survivors after a worldwide disaster. Then, through evolution, human reaches today’s stage, the modern civilization, a critical stage, where things can happen into both directions, either toward better civilization or back to stone age or even extinction –like the nuclear wipe-down happened in Mars [10-18]. Moreover, the Sun Model of Civilization and Sun Evolution Theory can well interpret many ab-normal observations, novel discoveries and historical paradoxes. Based on the new model and novel theory, human had high-level of prehistorical civilization. Although a global disaster destroyed the records and made it “prehistorical”, there are still some remnant. Thus, many miracles were achieved either by our prehistorical civilization or by the remnant of our own prehistorical civilization.

Last but not lease, we solved numbers of paradoxes that cannot be resolved in the old theoretical frame. The revolution in new knowledge over the last half-century should call for a reexamination of the origin of species. However, due to realistic issues like funding, publication, leadership, politics and beliefs, many archeological and anthropological evidences are treated with bias interfered by Darwinism, which still believes: the humans are from the ancestor animals like a monkey. Hereby, we say No to this prejudgment.

Taken together, this article innovatively proposed that the Sun Model of Civilization, the Sun Evolution Theory, the Human Selection concept, and new expiations to many discoveries. According to Sun Theory and Sun Model, human does not show up millions of years ago. Human beings, as intelligent beings, present since the early stage of geological age. There is a possibility that humans are present even earlier than animals on the earth. The Stone Age is just a special stage in the human civilization cycles.

Acknowledgements

W.S. would thank the technical support and helpful discussions from Dr. Ken Sasaki, the Chief Scientific Leader of SGS, a worldly leader in inspection and analytical testing for 150 years since 1878.

References

1. Darwin C (1872) On the origin of species.
2. Aarssen L (2016) Same sex attraction A Darwinian paradox, no more . Retrieved from MusingsOne.com on evolutionary roots releasing creativity, peer review, and dissemination of discovery.
3. Golovin S (1996) Human and Dinosaur Footprints in Turkmenistan. Retrieved from Answers in Genesis.
4. Zietsch B P, Sidari M J, Abdellaoui A, Maier R, Niklas Långström, et al. (2021) Genomic evidence consistent with antagonistic pleiotropy may help explain the evolutionary maintenance of same-sex sexual behaviour in humans. Nature Human Behaviour 5(9): 1251-1258.
5. Mayr E (1993) One long argument: Charles Darwin and the genesis of modern evolutionary thought Harvard University Press 26 (2): 378-380
6. McDonald J F (2023) The molecular basis of adaptation: a critical review of relevant ideas and observations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14(1): 77-102.
7. Gelernter D (2019) Giving Up Darwin: A fond farewell to a brilliant and beautiful theory. Retrieved from Claremont Review of Books.
8. Pickrell J (2014) How Fake Fossils Pervert Paleontology . Retrieved from Scientific America.
9. Sun W (2024) Solving the Olbers's Paradox by “Sun Matters Theory”. Natural Science, Accepted, In-Press.
10. Brandenburg J E (2016) Evidence for Past, Massive, Nuclear Explosions on Mars, and its Relationship to Fermi’s Paradox and The Cydonian Hypothesis. AIAA SPACE Forum Long Beach.
11. El Kadi A (2023) The Role of Abolishing Gravity in Ancient Egyptian Pyramids Architecture. Archaeological Discovery 11(1): 16-37.
12. NASA (2002) NASA Science. Retrieved from The Great Dying
13. Peterson D H (2002) Fossilized Human Finger: Found in a formation famous for its dinosaurs, supposed to be 110 million years old (Middle Cretaceous). Retrieved from Bible.
14. Siegel E (2018) Forbes-Innovation-Science. Retrieved from Earth' First Nuclear Reactor Is 1.7 Billion Years Old and Was Made Naturally.
15. Sun W, Qiao L, Liu Q, Chen L, Ling B, et al. (2011) Anticancer activity of the PR domain of tumor suppressor RIZ1. Int J Med Sci 8(2): 161-167.
16. Sun W, Sammynaiken R, Chen L, Maley J, Schatte G, et al. (2011) Sphingo-bium chlorophenolicum dichlorohydroquinone dioxygenase (PcpA) is alkaline resistant and thermally stable. Int J Biol Sci 7(8): 1171-1179.
17. Sun W, Geyer C R, Yang J (2008) Cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of the PR domain of human retinoblastoma protein-binding zinc finger protein 1 (RIZ1). Int J Mol Sci 9(6): 943-950.
18. Brandenburg J E (2014) Evidence for Past, Massive, Nuclear Explosions on Mars, The Cydonian Hypothesis, and Fermi’s Paradox. Journal of Cosmology 24(1): 12229-12280.