Recent Development Issues in Nanotechnology for Gas Storage Volume 1 - Issue 5

Dina S Ahmed, Hadeel Adil and Emad Yousif*

• Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Iraq

Received: September 04, 2018;   Published: September 10, 2018

*Corresponding author: Emad Yousif, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq

DOI: 10.32474/ANOAJ.2018.01.000121

Abstract PDF

Nanomaterials and their derived sub-groups are emerging into the advanced materials field due to their high free porous volume, structural regularity, robustness, hydrothermal stability, and functional variety. They present high gas uptake capacities and presence of stabilized active functions in the framework. A significant technical challenge has been recognized as the development of a viable method to efficiently trap hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide gas molecules in a confined space for various applications.

Keywords: Nanomaterials; Gas Storage; Microporous Organic Polymers; Hydrogen; Carbon Dioxide; Methane; Carbon Nanotubes; Clean Energy

Figure 1: Immobilization of UMNPs to Various High- Surface-Area Materials.

During the past decade, nano-materials have emerged as the new building blocks to construct light energy harvesting assemblies. Organic and inorganic hybrid structures that exhibit improved selectivity and efficiency toward catalytic processes have been designed. Size dependent properties such as size quantization effects in semiconductor nanoparticles and quantized charging effects in metal nanoparticles provide the basis for developing new and effective systems [1,2] (Figure 1). The development of microporous organic polymers (MOPs) with pore size less than 2nm has attracted a great deal of attention [3]. These microporous materials possessing high surface area, low skeleton density, and chemical tunability have opened the door to many potential applications in the area of heterogeneous catalysis [4] (Figure 2). Light harvesting [5], gas separation and storage [6]. For MOPs, the permanent porosity derives from backbone rigidity and spaceinefficient packing of the polymer chains [7]. In this regard, many rigid and contorted monomers such as spirocyclic and tetrahedral compounds have been investigated as successful building blocks in the preparation of soluble polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) [8] and other insoluble MOPs [9]. The particular advantage of MOPs is to introduce a wide range of useful chemical functionalities into the pores [10]. Furthermore, the embedding of transition metal sites into MOPs could open up second-generation porous materials with useful combined chemical and physical properties [10] and offers potential as heterogeneous catalysts for various organic reactions such as general hydrogenations [11], oxidation of thiols [12], Suzukie Miyaura couplings [13] and so forth [14]. Metal catalytic moieties into functional MOPs has at least two advantages: i) the homogeneous distribution of active metal nanoparticles (NPs) is enabled by the strong interaction with the functional porous supports, which has been believed to give effective catalytic activity and selectivity [15]; ii) the metal leaching could be greatly suppressed in the process of catalyst separation for recycling [16]. Therefore it is highly desirable to investigate methods to incorporate a variety of functionalities into MOPs.

Figure 2: Porous Organic Polymers in Catalysis.

Hydrogen Storage in Nanomaterials

Figure 3: TEM (a) and SEM (b) micrograph of PVP stabilized Co-La-Zr-B.

Hydrogen gas is a clean energy source, which can replace fossil fuels while the need for this clean and sustainable energy has been greater [17]. One hopeful way of hydrogen generation increasing is the use of transition metal (0) nanoclusters as catalysts because a large percentage of atoms lie on the surface of activity nanoclusters [18]. Co, Cu, Ni and Fe were chosen as they are among the reactive transition metals toward hydrolysis of boron-based hydrides such as NaBH⁴. The cheaper transition metal catalysts generally exhibit only moderate catalytic activity. A variety of preparative methods are available for obtaining polymer-stabilized metal nanoclusters [19]. The most widely used synthetic method involves reduction of the metal ion in zero valent state within the polymer medium. Followed by coalescence of the polymer onto the formed nanoclusters a strong stabilizer such as polymer is needed to prevent agglomeration of metal (0) nanoclusters in aqueous solution at high pH medium, acting as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride [20]. Next attempt was done by investigation of PVP role on size, morphology and catalytic activity of crystalized Co-La-Zr-B nano powder [21] (Figure 3).

Investigate role of oleic acid as stabilizing agent on size and morphology of quaternary nano catalyst [22]. Since their discovery [23,24] carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have continued to attract a huge interest worldwide because of their peculiar physical and chemical properties [25]. In particular, the adsorption behavior of a singlewall carbon nanotube (SWNT), be it chemi- or physisorption, substantially differs from that of graphite or fullerenes, and critically depends on whether the inner or outer surface is exposed and on the tube chirality and diameter. Understanding its characteristics and being able to predict relevant adsorption configurations are important for complementing ongoing experimental efforts in developing covalent sidewall functionalization [26], applications of CNTs as gas sensors [27] and hydrogen storage materials [28].

Carbon Dioxide Storage in Nanomaterials

Figure 4: Shows a schematic presentation of CO₂ capture by functionalized/modified composite.

Figure 5: Mechanism of colorimetric determination of Cu²⁺ with silver/dopamine nanoparticles.

CO₂ is one of the major greenhouse gases, and its concentration has been on the rise from 280 ppm to 370 ppm, such that the rising amplitude of the global earth temperature varies from 0.6°C to 1.0°C during the same period of time [29,41,42] (Figure 4). Hydroxyl functionalized MOPs provide the materials with metal ions coordinating ability, ion-exchange as well as reducing properties, and exhibit significant CO₂ uptakes at atmospheric pressure even though their surface areas are moderate [30]. For example, a facile route involving phenolic resin inspired chemistry to hyper-cross-linked MOPs with hydroxyl functional groups has been demonstrated by Kanatzidis [30]. Those polymeric frameworks based on the polymerization of phloroglucinol and 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene with several benzaldehydes under solvothermal conditions capture a maximum of 18 wt% CO₂ at 273K and 1 bar, and deposit Ag NPs in situ inside the pores. Catechol and its derivatives have been widely used as ligands or chelating agents in coordination chemistry [31] (Figure 5).

CH₄ Storage in Nanomaterials

Figure 6: Microstructures of specimens sintered for 2h at 1 400 °C (a) and 1 600 °C (b).

As with hydrogen, methane is also considered a clean energy gas. Compared to petroleum oil, it can provide much more energy because of its higher hydrogen-to-carbon ratio and has much lower carbon emission. In addition, deposits of methanecontaining natural gas are more widespread globally than those of petroleum oil, and its refinement (purification) to an energy fuel is much simpler than that of crude petroleum oil to gasoline or diesel fuels. Methane is also produced by decomposition of organic waste and by bacteria in the guts of ruminants and termites. In terms of near-term practical utilization and innovations necessary for commercialization, methane appears to be a more promising alternative for mobile applications [32]. As an exceptional member of alkaline-earth oxides, beryllium oxide (BeO) can be arisen as an important covalent component in the initial ionic Be-O bond [33]. Synthesized BeO nanoparticles are insulators with a wide band gap about 10.6eV [34] (Figure 6). Recently, the adsorption of some gases such as H₂O, CH₄, NH₃, H₂ and CO on BeO nanomaterial has been studied. Nonetheless, several materials, like as aluminum nitride (AlN) nanostructures [35], boron nitride (BN) systems [36] and fullerene clusters [37] boron buckyballs and sheets, B80 [38] have been tested experimentally and theoretically as potential storage materials for hydrogen [39-42] (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Synergistic Catalysis of Metal–Organic Framework-Immobilized Au–Pd.

Nanomaterials, all suitable morphological characteristics and physicochemical properties to carry out a variety of applications are present: homogeneous porous distribution, high hydrothermal stability and robustness, peculiar hydrophobic–hydrophilic nature, structural regularity, and capability to incorporate different active functions in the planar organic builders. They have shown great promise for the adsorptive storage of hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide in clean energy applications.

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