*Corresponding author:
Giovanni Morani, Division of Cardiology, University of Verona, ItalyReceived: March 21, 2019; Published: March 27, 2019
DOI: 10.32474/ACR.2018.01.000128
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Upgrading procedure is relatively common since indications to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and implantable defibrillator are increasing. A relatively frequent phenomenon that the operator may encounter is some degree of venous obstruction around the previously implanted leads, which may become completely occlusive. In these situations, upgrading procedure may be challenging and various manoeuvers have been described. We describe a case of intraprocedural percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of occlusive stenosis of the innominate vein, performed during an upgrading procedure from bicameral cardiac implantable defibrillator (ICD) to CRT-D.
Keywords: Upgrading; Cardiac resynchronization therapy; Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; Venous occlusion
Abstract| Introduction| Case Report| Discussion| References|
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