Non-Hodgkings Lymphoma

Lymphoma is the general term for cancers that develop in the lymphatic system. Lymphoma originates in developing lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells), which have undergone a malignant change. They multiply without any proper order, forming tumors, which are collections of cancer cells. These tumors cause swelling in the lymph nodes and other parts of the body. Over time, malignant lymphocytes (called lymphoma cells) crowd out normal lymphocytes and eventually the immune system becomes weakened and can no longer function properly. This lymphoma affects the lymph nodes first and could also affect other lymphoid organs like spleen and bone marrow. The Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma can be classified into 2, depending on how fast or slow these tumors grow within the body namely; Aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Indolent nonHodgkin’s lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma can also be classified based on the type of cells they emanate from namely; B-cells lymphoma and T-cells lymphoma. B-cell lymphoma are lymphomas that arise from developing B-cells, while T-cell lymphoma are lymphomas that arise from T -cells [1]. The causes of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma include infection like the Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients from specific geographic regions, exposure to certain chemicals ingredients in herbicides and pesticides such as organochlorine and phenoxy acid can lead to lymphoma and also immunosuppression. The extent to which the lymphoma has spread in body is called the stage of the disease. In stages 1 and 2, lymphoma is limited to one or two areas of the body (early stage). In stages 3 and 4, the disease is more widespread in the body (advanced stage). It’s signs and symptoms include; enlarged lymph node in the neck, fever, excessive sweating, unexplained fatigue, loss of appetite or weight loss. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is usually diagnosed by examining a lymph node biopsy specimen under a microscope using either core biopsy or surgical biopsy [2,3]. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma can be treated using chemotherapy and radiation therapy as the two principal forms of treatment for NHL’. Stem cell transplantation can also be used for treating NonHodgkin’s lymphoma. A healthy and nutritious diet is important to help your body cope with your disease and treatment. DOI: 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2018.02.000130 Inter Ped Dent Open Acc J Copyrights@ Effiong Edet Bassey. Citation: Effiong Edet Bassey. Non-Hodgkings Lymphoma. Inter Ped Dent Open Acc J 2(1)2018. IPDOAJ.MS.ID.000130. DOI: 10.32474/ IPDOAJ.2018.02.000130. 108 is very important. Over time, malignant lymphocytes (called lymphoma cells) crowd out normal lymphocytes and eventually the immune system becomes weakened and can no longer function properly. NHL generally develops in the lymph nodes or in lymphatic tissue found in organs such as the stomach, intestines or skin. In some cases, NHL involves marrow (spongy tissue in the hollow central cavity of the bones that is the site of blood cell formation) and blood (National Cancer Institute, 2007). Lymphoma cells may develop in one or many sites in the body. In lymphoma, the majority of these cancerous cells are found in the lymphatic system but can also be found in other areas of the body. The Cells That Form Lymphoma Normal Blood and Marrow and the Lymphatic System Blood and Marrow: Blood is composed of plasma and cells suspended in plasma. Plasma is made up of water in which many chemicals are dissolved. These chemicals include a) Albumin, the most common protein in blood b) Blood-clotting proteins made by the liver c) Erythropoietin, a protein made by the kidneys that stimulatesred blood cell production d) Immunoglobulins, antibodies made by plasma cells in response to infections including those we develop from our vaccinations (such as poliovirus antibodies, which are made by normal plasma cells in the bone marrow) e) Hormones (such as thyroid hormone and cortisol) f) Minerals (such as iron and magnesium) g) Vitamins (such as folate and vitamin B12) h) Electrolytes (such as calcium, potassium and sodium) i) Antibodies, which are made by plasma cells [5]. j) The cell suspended in plasma include red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes). k) The red blood cells make up a little less than half the volume of the blood. They are filled with hemoglobin, the protein that picks up oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to the ells all around the body; hemoglobin then picks up carbon dioxide from the body’s cells and delivers it back to the lungs, where it is removed when we exhale.


Introduction
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the term used for a diverse group of blood cancers that share a single characteristic-they arise from an injury to the DNA of a lymphocyte parent cell. The damage to the DNA is acquired (occurs after birth) rather than inherited.
The altered DNA in one lymphocyte produces a malignant transformation. This transformation results in the uncontrolled and exaggerated growth of the lymphocyte. These lymphocytes and the formed cells have a better-than-normal chance to survive. The accumulation of those cells results in the tumor masses found in the lymph nodes and other sites in the body. Lymphoma is a general term for a group of blood cancers that start in the lymphatic system. About 54 percent of the blood cancers that occur each year are types of lymphomas. Lymphoma results when a lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) undergoes a malignant change and multiplies, eventually crowding out healthy cells and creating tumors. These tumors enlarge the lymph nodes and/or grow in other sites that are part of the immune system (for example, the skin and other organs). Lymphocytic leukemia, a blood cancer that also originates in a lymphocyte, is closely related to lymphoma [4].There are two major types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). More than 60 specific non-Hodgkin lymphomata (NHL) subtypes have been identified.

ISSN: 2637-6636
Abstract Lymphoma is the general term for cancers that develop in the lymphatic system. Lymphoma originates in developing lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells), which have undergone a malignant change. They multiply without any proper order, forming tumors, which are collections of cancer cells. These tumors cause swelling in the lymph nodes and other parts of the body. Over time, malignant lymphocytes (called lymphoma cells) crowd out normal lymphocytes and eventually the immune system becomes weakened and can no longer function properly. This lymphoma affects the lymph nodes first and could also affect other lymphoid organs like spleen and bone marrow. The Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can be classified into 2, depending on how fast or slow these tumors grow within the body namely; Aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can also be classified based on the type of cells they emanate from namely; B-cells lymphoma and T-cells lymphoma. B-cell lymphoma are lymphomas that arise from developing B-cells, while T-cell lymphoma are lymphomas that arise from T -cells [1].
The causes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma include infection like the Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients from specific geographic regions, exposure to certain chemicals ingredients in herbicides and pesticides such as organochlorine and phenoxy acid can lead to lymphoma and also immunosuppression. The extent to which the lymphoma has spread in body is called the stage of the disease. In stages 1 and 2, lymphoma is limited to one or two areas of the body (early stage). In stages 3 and 4, the disease is more widespread in the body (advanced stage). It's signs and symptoms include; enlarged lymph node in the neck, fever, excessive sweating, unexplained fatigue, loss of appetite or weight loss. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is usually diagnosed by examining a lymph node biopsy specimen under a microscope using either core biopsy or surgical biopsy [2,3]. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can be treated using chemotherapy and radiation therapy as the two principal forms of treatment for NHL'. Stem cell transplantation can also be used for treating Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A healthy and nutritious diet is important to help your body cope with your disease and treatment. h) Electrolytes (such as calcium, potassium and sodium) i) Antibodies, which are made by plasma cells [5].
j) The cell suspended in plasma include red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes).
k) The red blood cells make up a little less than half the volume of the blood. They are filled with hemoglobin, the protein that picks up oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to the ells all around the body; hemoglobin then picks up carbon dioxide from the body's cells and delivers it back to the lungs, where it is removed when we exhale.

The Platelets
The

The Neutrophils and Monocytes
These are white blood cells. They are called "phagocytes" (eating cells) because they can ingest bacteria or fungi and kill them.
Unlike the red blood cells and platelets, the monocytes can leave the blood and enter the tissue, where they can attack the invading organisms and help combat infection. Eosinophils and basophils are types of white blood cells that respond to allergens or parasites.
Most lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell, are found in the lymph nodes, the spleen and the lymphatic channels, but some enter the blood. There are three major types of lmphocytes: part of the immune system, which protects our bodies against disease and infection.

Causes and Risk Factors of Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors
The age-adjusted incidence of NHL rose by more than 89. Immunosuppression: A small percentage of lymphomas occur in people whose immune system has been weakened for an unrelated condition [8].

Diagnosis of Lymphoma
Diagnosis is of NHL is usually made by examining a lymph node biopsy specimen (piece of node taken and studied under the microscope); the examination includes tests like lymph node biopsy, Flow Cytometry, Bone Marrow aspirator and Physical Examination [9].   and treatments will also be taken.

Treatment of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
The Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma can be treated through the use of Various therapies. Treatment for lymphomas may involve the use of chemotherapy" radiotherapy, stem cell transplant, Immunotherapy, targeted therapy and antibiotics therapy (National Cancer Institute, 2017). Many low-grade lymphomas take years to grow, cause few (if any) symptoms, and do not necessarily need to be treated on diagnosis. In these cases, the doctor may recommend regular checkups to carefully monitor your lymphoma and general health.
If the lymphoma is limited to a small group of lymph nodes (stage 1 or 2), radiotherapy alone may be able to cure some low-grade lymphomas or control them for a long time [10]. If the low-grade lymphoma is more widespread in the body, the decision to treat the disease or not depends on a number of factors such as: where the lymphoma has spread to, how large the areas of lymphoma are, if you are experiencing any symptoms of your lymphoma, and your general health [11].

Factors that Influence the Treatment of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
The most effective treatment plan for a patient with NHL is c. Factors such as fever, drenching night sweats and weight loss of more than 10 percent of body weight, referred to as "B symptoms" d.
The presence of lymphoma in areas of the body outside of the lymph nodes (extranidal involvement).

Conclusion and Recommendation
Non hodgkins lymphoma has been seen as one of the most wide spread disease in Australia. It affects all age ranges especially between the ages of 40 to 60. The true causes of Non-Hoggkins lymphoma includes Exposure to chemicals, intake of immune- High cure rate in this disease represents one of the biggest victories in medical and radiation oncology. A healthy and nutritious diet is important to help your body cope with your disease and treatment.
Conclusively, there are a variety of programs designed to help ease the emotional and financial strain associated with cancer and its treatment for example the leukaemia foundation.