Migration: Epidemic Caused by Global Warming and Inequality

In order to evaluate the behavior of CeA neuronal populations during active hunting, we performed electromyogram monitoring of the masseter muscle concomitantly to array neuronal recordings. Principal component analyses of the neuronal data revealed that ∼40% of the recorded neurons increased activity during insect hunting, with hunting-excited CeA neurons maintaining activity levels throughout prey pursuit.


Introduction
Prey pursuit was mediated by projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter. Targeted lesions to these two pathways separately disrupted biting attacks upon prey versus the initiation of prey pursuit. Our findings delineate a neural network that integrates distinct behavioral modules and suggest that central amygdala neurons instruct predatory hunting across jawed vertebrates.
immediately adjacent intermediate reticular nucleus-was found to contain premotor neurons to both Mo5 and 11N. Moreover, VGat neurons in PCRt directly targeted these motor nuclei.

Mandibular and Cervical Musculatures
We used optogenetics to probe the function of excitatory and inhibitory PCRt populations and 4B and N-S4R. In hungry mice offered food pellets, activation of PCRt VGat-positive neurons produced a rapid arrest in oromotor activity, which was immediately resumed upon laser deactivation.

Inhibitory Neurons in PCRt Mediate the Delivery of Killing Bites but Not Prey Pursuit
Based on the above, we reasoned that both optical and tonic depolarization of PCRt VGat neurons should attenuate the potential for mice to successfully hunt insect prey. Activating designer receptors specifically in PCRt VGat neurons completely suppressed the ability to kill and consume crickets.

Central Amygdala Projections to the Periaqueductal Gray Matter Control Prey Pursuit
CeA → PAG optical activation enhanced predatory hunting.
Specifically, CeA → PAG optical activation increased pursuit velocities and shortened both latencies to pursue and overall hunting duration. To counter the inhibitory effects of CeA on PAG neurons, we combined optical stimulation with administration of the designer drug CNO in both VGlut2-ires-Cre and VGat-ires-Cre mice. We found that all of the hunting-promoting effects produced by optical stimulation were annulled by CNO injections in VGlut2ires-Cre mice. This is consistent with CeA terminals inhibiting their VGlut2-expressing target cells in PAG. CNO treatment in VGat-ires-Cre mice failed to significantly alter optically induced hunting.
Finally, and in contrast to CeA → PCRt, CeA → PAG activation failed to induce either fictive feeding or approach toward non-food items.

Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Gate Predatory
Hunting We  higher among those whose homes, loved ones and lives were affected by the storm than among those that lived outside the disaster areas. But even more subtle shifts over the course of a month made mental health issues more likely. During months when the average temperature was over 30 degrees C -86 degrees F, mental health issues were 'amplified' by more than one percent, the researchers reported.
And the rain made things worse too. When there was rain for more than 25 out of the 30 (give or take) days of the month, the population was two percent more afflicted by mental health issues. issue in a given year. That means that for every degree warmer the globe gets; another 88,000 Americans are liable to develop a mental illness. It isn't clear exactly why natural disasters and changing temperatures have such dastardly effects on mental health, but it becomes increasingly certain that the problem will only spread and intesify. Warming is likely to amplify the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, which often cause physical injury, psychological trauma infrastructure damage, and societal disruption in affected regions. Gradual changes in climate change are also expected to alter human systems in costly ways, the study authors wrote.
While the precise magnitude of these climate-induced adversities is difficult to estimate, the theoretical relationship between climate change and mental health risk is exactly proved.

The Top Rich in Europe and Inequality
Recent research into the share of wealth owned by the richest households has given us important insights into trends in inequality.
This column shows how we can now estimate the share of wealth owned by the richest households in Europe, and how many they numbered, from 1300 to the present day. Throughout this time, the only significant declines in inequality were the result of the Epidemic Black Death and the World Wars.
In the renewed interest in long-term trends in economic inequality, particular attention has been paid to the share of income or wealth earned or owned by the top 1%, 5%, or 10%. The share of the richest is both interesting on its own terms (it shows us how 'rich' better-off people actually were), and as an indicator of the overall trends in economic inequality. There is considerable evidence that the trend in the share that the richest earn or own determines the trend in general economic inequality, for example as it is measured by Gini indexes [1][2][3]. New time series of wealth concentration spanning the 20 th and part of the 19 th century have recently been produced for some countries [4,5]. This has considerably increased our knowledge of how wealth inequality has changed over time, and in the share of the richest. This research has supplemented existing studies which had covered a few countries or areas only, particularly the UK (Williamson 1985) and the US (Williamson and Lindert 1980). Now we have comparable data for the preindustrial period. To a significant degree this is due to the ERC-funded project Economic Inequality across Italy and Europe, 1300-1800 (EINITE). EINITE has collected, systematically and with a uniform methodology, information about long-term trends in wealth inequality, and in the share of the richest, for many ancient Italian states as well as for a few other areas of Europe [6][7][8][9]. Whenever possible EINITE's statistics cover the period from around 1300 to 1800, and so they allow us to extend the series of the share of wealth owned by the richest by about 500 years. Figure 1 shows the share of wealth of the top 10% between 1300 and 2010, using [5] for the post-1800 period.

Extending the Kuznets Curve
Although the data used for the pre-and post-1800 periods relate to different areas of Europe, there is nevertheless an impressive apparent continuity in the series. [5] estimated that in 1810, the richest 10% of Europeans owned 82% of the wealth.
In a recent comparative article, I found that, in a variety of Italian pre-unification states in 1800 the share owned by the top 10% was between 70% and 80%. The estimated average in Figure 1 is 77%.
Remarkably, Piketty's series for 1810-1910 shows the share of the richest growing at almost exactly the same pace as the I calculated for the series between 1550 and 1800. The empirical data therefore strongly supports the view that the left-hand portion of the 'Kuznets curve'-an inverted-U path followed by economic inequality through the industrialization process -can be extended to the left by many centuries (Van Zanden 1995) [6].
We can make this claim even though the underlying causes of the increase in inequality are complex and will need further research to be identified correctly [8][9].
In the seven centuries recent research covers, across all the territories for which we have data, we find only two phases of significant inequality decline. Both were triggered by catastrophic  [12] recently argued that long-term trends in inequality could better be described as a succession of Kuznetsian 'waves', while Scheidel, [13] proposed that we generalize to an even longer period of human history the levelling ability of epidemic-and war-induced mass mortality. We need more research and more encompassing databases, especially for the preindustrial period, to assess confidently the characteristics, causes and implications of the very long-run tendency for wealth to concentrate in the hands of the few.

How Many Households were Rich?
New research data allow us to ask many more than "how rich were the rich?" For example, we might wish to know how many were among the rich. This an easy question to ask, but not to answer. We need to find a way to define the 'rich', as distinct from the rest of society. The simplest way of doing this is to give a relative definition of the rich, setting the bar at certain multiplier of the median income or wealth [14]. For wealth, a convenient threshold is ten times the median [7]. If we apply this threshold to the data provided by the EINITE project for a variety of ancient Italian states, we get Figure 2.
The figure shows clearly that during the early modern period were rich. This suggests that society was becoming more polarised.
Alongside the increase in the share of wealth concentrated among the richest, we see a larger group of people growing ever more distant (in terms of wealth) from the rest of the population [7].
The relative stability of our indicators during the 14 th , 15 th and 16 th centuries suggests that the Black Death had less effect on the prevalence of the rich than on their wealth. The stability in Figure   2 is, however, at least partly artificial. It is due to the interaction between the components of the aggregate distributions used here.
If we focus on specific case studies, we find that in every known case a decline in the prevalence of the rich occurred after the epidemic [7]. For example, in the Piedmontese city of Cherasco, the rich households made up 4.7% of the total in 1347, just before the Black Death. By 1395, just 3.1% of households were rich. It would be interesting to know how many rich households there were after 1800, but this seems to be a largely neglected field of enquiry. Knowing this would give us additional insight into how an increasing wealth concentration shaped society. This seems to be one of those cases in which we know more about ancient societies than about recent ones including the one to which we belong (Figures 3 & 4).

Humans and Mice Share A Common Genetic base of Violent Behavior
The The UB experts have published several articles shaping candidate genes -in humans, in murine models, zebra fish and in insects-as prone factors to alterations in behaviour.

Violence: Government, Communities, and Individuals
Can Change the Situation Worldwide "The 20= century will be remembered as the century of violence. Many people live with it daily and regard it as something consubstantial to the human condition, but it is not so. We can The timing of report's publication also raised questions about White House interference. The document was originally scheduled for a mid-December release, but officials said at the last minute they would publish it on Nov 23, 2018 after Thanksgiving. On a press call, officials suggested the new release date was timed so the report would come ahead of two important climate-related conferences in December: The United Nations climate change conference in Poland and the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union. The officials said the content of the report was free from interference but declined to directly answer several questions about whether the White House ordered the report to be released on Black Friday, a day when many Americans are disconnected with the news [18].
But, no matter the White House's stance on climate change, the report's authors minced no words about what needs to be done to mitigate its impact: humans need "more immediate and substantial global greenhouse gas emissions reductions" to stave off the worst potential effects. Communities also need to advance measures to adapt to the challenges of a changing climate. Given the Trump administration's moves on climate so far, neither of those moves seem likely at the federal level. But, in a bright spot, the report also references local and international action to reduce emissions, even while acknowledging those efforts won't be enough. As the urgency of climate change continues to grow, leaders in other countries (as well as mayors and governors in the U.S.) have promised to double down on their efforts, largely leaving the U.S. and by extension, Trump by the wayside as the world adapts to changes driven by global warming.