Biotechnology Plays a Significant Role to Control Insect Pests of Agricultural Crops

Today insect pests have been one of most important problem in food production. Previous research have been proved that 1/3 of agricultural production of world, prized at several billion dollars is ruined by damaging of field and storage insect pests every year. Various toxic, broad-spectrum and synthetic chemicals are used to control pests. Natural ecosystem, human health and our environment can be affected due to excessive use of these harmful chemicals. So now biologically based approaches are developing to control insect pest instead of toxic and synthetic chemicals which are ecofriendly, cost-effective and useful and reliable. There are different types of bio pesticides such as arthropods natural enemies (predators, parasitoids, and parasites), entomopathogens (bacteria, fungi, virus and nematodes), insect hormones and plant derived bio pesticides.


Introduction
Today insect pests have been one of most important problem in food production. Previous research have been proved that 1/3 of agricultural production of world, prized at several billion dollars is ruined by damaging of field and storage insect pests every year. Various toxic, broad-spectrum and synthetic chemicals are used to control pests. Natural ecosystem, human health and our environment can be affected due to excessive use of these harmful chemicals. So now biologically based approaches are developing to control insect pest instead of toxic and synthetic chemicals which are ecofriendly, cost-effective and useful and reliable. There are different types of bio pesticides such as arthropods natural enemies (predators, parasitoids, and parasites), entomopathogens (bacteria, fungi, virus and nematodes), insect hormones and plant derived bio pesticides.

Role of Biotechnology
It is a set of techniques for manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful commercial products such as new bacterial strains, pest resistant crops. There are various techniques are used in biotechnology like biological fixation of nitrogen, tissue culture and organic pest control. Previous research have been proved that Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was discovered in 1906 by mortality of silkworm larvae. Bacillus thuringiensis stands out on the world stage since 1938, when first product was formulated with this pathogen released in France. In 1911 A German scientist Berliner succeeded to detach and characterize this bacterium has cylindrical shape and "thuringiensis" named after German region "Thuringia". In1938 France formulations having bacteria colonies was sold as an insecticides. In 1954 Mode of action was revealed and its usage today. Bt is known as soil bacteria which is found in different countries, Gram positive, aerobic and its family is bacilaceae.
It can sporulate to survive when environmental conditions become adverse and unfavorable. This is found in dead insects, plants and debris. This produces sporangia containing endospores and crystalline inclusions of proteins (CRY) which are responsible for their action against lepidopterans insects. This Crystal is composed of polypeptide protein that is called endotoxin. When larvae feed on such proteins initiates the number of reactions that kills them.

Biotechnology Better Than Insecticides:
Recent researches have been found that insect pests are major problem for agricultural crops, and losses due to diseases and insect pests are very high.to manage insect pests we use various harmful agrochemicals day by day on large scale and use bio pesticides just on small scale. Survival of natural enemies (predators, parasitoids and parasites), human health, beneficial insects, and environment are badly affected by unselective use of chemicals. It also produce resistance in insects against agro chemicals. On the other hand, Bio pesticides used over a country which is less harmful for environment and human beings than synthetic chemicals. To control insect pests' new strategy has been developed which consists of genetically modified plants resistance against insects, and they are similar and effective like conventional insecticides. In 1986 the first experiments with genetically modified (GM) plants were made in the United States and in France.
The first variety marketed a vegetable species produced by genetic engineering was the "FlavrSavr Tomato" developed by

Area of Biotech Crops in developing and industrial countries:
In 2016, 19 developing countries cultivated 54% biotech crops on 99.6 million hectares out of worldwide biotech cultivation area while 46% biotech crops were planted on 85.5 million hectares in industrial countries.A new biotech crop rice which is grown in developing countries (Table 2).