Problems of the Desertification and Pasture Degradation in the Conditions of Azerbaijan

Studies have been conducted in the arid zone of Azerbaijan (Gobustan), where wind erosion is characteristic, which, together with environmental pollution, contributes to the expansion of greenhouse gases and leads to the degradation of pastures. Characterized by the process of sowing perennial legume grasses, improving the nutritional regime of the soil, activating nitrification, microbiological processes and preventing soil erosion. The “greenhouse effect” is a natural phenomenon in which certain gases in the lower atmosphere prevent some of the heat energy radiated from the Earth from escaping. The human-caused emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, and some industrial gases) have over the last few centuries added to this effect, making global temperatures warmer than they would otherwise be and affecting global weather patterns. The hole in the ozone layer is a separate phenomenon, but there are a few linkages with the greenhouse effect. For example, some gases which deplete ozone in the upper atmosphere (CFCs) also act as greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere, and the trapping of heat in the lower atmosphere by the greenhouse effect leads to a cooler upper atmosphere and a slower recovery time for the ozone layer.

Natural factors in Azerbaijan are mainly characterized by complexity from a temperate to subtropical climate. Dry subtropical, moderately dry, semi-desert climate, etc. predominate. Along with this, global climate change is strongly felt in Azerbaijan, which sometimes manifests itself-unfavorable meteorological conditions (prolonged drought), changing relative and absolute humidity. The mechanism of the greenhouse effect is that the sun's rays, reaching the Earth, are absorbed by the soil surface, vegetation, water surface. The heated surfaces transfer thermal energy back into the atmosphere, but in the form of long-wave radiation. Atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon) do not absorb thermal radiation from the earth's surface but scatter it. However, as a result of burning of combustible minerals and other industrial processes in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, various hydrocarbons-methane, ethane, propane, etc., accumulate, which do not dissipate but absorb thermal radiation coming from the Earth's surface. The screen arising in this way leads to the greenhouse effect -global warming.
As a result of the above factors, it was found that from 1970 to 2000, desertification processes in Azerbaijan increased due to the increase in erosion processes, in which the range of fluctuation in different years changes from 36% to 43.3% (3,741,000 hectares) in Azerbaijan's conditions. Of these, 1,520.6 thousand hectares (17.6%) are moderately eroded, an average of 881.3 thousand hectares (10.2%), a high degree of 1339.2 thousand hectares (15.5%) which led to desertification [2].
As is known, soil moisture plays a crucial role in the development of both ground and underground power for growing crops. Soil moisture creates optimal conditions for the dissolution and assimilation of mineral and organic compounds by plants.
Therefore, in any studies should pay attention to the amount of moisture under crops. The purpose of the research is to study the development of the process of desertification and to develop measures to combat the reduction of their consequences on the example of Gobustan.
The Kyoto Protocol does not require emission reductions from the developing countries, some of which like China and India produce significant amounts of CO 2 . This is one of the arguments that has been used by the USA to support its withdrawal from the Protocol. On a per capita basis, the developing countries produce only a fraction of the CO 2 that developed countries do, but this is predicted to change over time as they seek to improve their

The Clean Development Mechanism and the new Expert Group on
Technology Transfer under the Kyoto Protocol are designed to help transfer "clean technology" to developing countries so that they can begin to disengage their economies from reliance on fossil fuels, but this is only on a project-by-project basis [3].

Materials and Method
Studies were conducted in Gobustan district on eroded graybrown (chestnut) soils. Field experiments laid by the method of B.A. Dospekhova in 3 replicates. The natural greenhouse effect acts to trap some of the sun's warmth from escaping back into space and makes life possible on Earth. It is caused by the natural compounds of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would be about 30ºC colder. In the last two centuries human activity has "enhanced"1 this natural effect by adding significantly higher levels of carbon dioxide (31% increase), methane (up 151%), and nitrous oxide (up 17%), as well as some artificial compounds which also act as greenhouse gases (per fluorocarbons, hydro fluorocarbons, sculpture hexafluoride, and the ozone depleting gases) [4]. When solar radiation enters the atmosphere, visible light passes through and ultraviolet light is absorbed by the ozone layer. The visible light absorbed by the Earth is converted to heat energy, which is radiated outwards. While most gases allow heat to pass through to the upper atmosphere, the greenhouse gases absorb this heat energy and re-radiate it rather than let it escape. The hole in the ozone layer is a separate phenomenon, but there are a few linkages with the greenhouse effect. Studies were conducted on Gobustan winter pastures on eroded gray-brown (chestnut) soils.
As can be seen from Table 1    in hydrothermal conditions, microbiological processes, including enzymatic ones, are damped, the nitrification process is suspended.
In the fall, with the precipitation of ammonia, the ammonification and nitrification processes are renewed again, as a result of which a significant number of nitrates appear in the soil, and the ammonia content increases.  From the above, it should be concluded that in the arid zone of Azerbaijan, in the Gobustan arid region, where wind erosion prevails, winter pasture productivity decreases sharply.
This process combined with environmental pollution, i.e. with increasing greenhouse gases, progressive global warming leads to desertification of the territory. Nevertheless, the sowing of perennial leguminous herbs with the use of optimal norms of mineral fertilizers increases the organic mass of the soil, activates the biochemical processes in the soil, which leads to an increase in the biopotential of eroded soils and prevent the process of desertification [6].

Results and Discussion
The experiments conducted on eroded ordinary gray-brown

Conclusion
Greenhouse gas emissions have been calculated in two ways.
Firstly, estimates have been made at a national level based on emissions from whole sectors (e.g., agriculture, food and drink manufacturing) and other top-level sources. Greenhouse gas emissions data has been taken from a variety of sources to derive an overview of the impact of food and drink across a range of sectors from agriculture to households and waste management. The emissions associated with food have been allocated to the final quantity that is consumed by UK households, net of exports and food and drink that is sold via the hospitality/catering sector. The factors therefore account for waste along the supply chain associated with the production of food for household consumption, although they exclude emissions from managing this waste. Secondly, as part of this chapter, individual carbon factors for different products have been identified. The available tables center on unprocessed (fruit, vegetables, raw meat) rather than processed foods (e.g., ready meals, sauces, prepared sandwiches, carbonated drinks) and do not cover all food products wasted. These are significant gaps and mean that the sum of the tables outlined herein will not add up to the average of all foods.