FTIR Analysis & Dielectric Constant for Some Iron Bismuth Borate Glasses

Borate glasses contain transition metal ions are of high importance in science and technology, as solid electrolytes and electric sensors [1]. Oxide glasses, especially bismuth borate glasses, are considered as stable active ion hosts for practical applications such as optical and sensor devices, because of their high refractive index [2]. The intensive studies of rare-earth doped glasses lead to good understanding their optical properties, which in turn help to choose the host material and the emitters for lasers [3]. Glasses containing transition metal ions such as Fe, Co, V, etc. consider as semiconductors [4,5]. Electronic transport is only observed in these materials if the transition metal ion is present in two distinct sites [4]. The transport properties of oxide glasses have been of interest for a long time because of their potential application in technology. The ability of Born to exist in both three and four coordinated environments and high strength of the covalent B-O bounds, imparts borates, the ability to form stable glasses [6]. This work aims to study the effect of introduce Bi2O2 on both the refractive index and Static dielectric constant for some iron bismuth borate glasses.


Review Article Introduction
Borate glasses contain transition metal ions are of high importance in science and technology, as solid electrolytes and electric sensors [1]. Oxide glasses, especially bismuth borate glasses, are considered as stable active ion hosts for practical applications such as optical and sensor devices, because of their high refractive index [2]. The intensive studies of rare-earth doped glasses lead to good understanding their optical properties, which in turn help to choose the host material and the emitters for lasers [3]. Glasses containing transition metal ions such as Fe, Co, V, etc.
consider as semiconductors [4,5]. Electronic transport is only observed in these materials if the transition metal ion is present in two distinct sites [4]. The transport properties of oxide glasses have been of interest for a long time because of their potential application in technology. The ability of Born to exist in both three and four coordinated environments and high strength of the covalent B-O bounds, imparts borates, the ability to form stable glasses [6]. This work aims to study the effect of introduce Bi 2 O 2 on both the refractive index and Static dielectric constant for some iron bismuth borate glasses.

Experimental Measurements
The chemical formula 20 mol% Fe 2 O 3 -(15 + x) mol% Bi 2 O 3 -(65-x) mol% B 2 O 3 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 20, have been used to prepared some of iron bismuth borate glasses. All batches were melted using an electric muffle furnace, in crucibles of porcelain, for about 120 mints. Then, finally poured in air at room temperature, two copper plates were used to get high fast cooling process. Electric capacities for all samples were carried out by a computer-controlled Stanford LCR bridge model SR 720 at four fixed frequencies [0.1,1,10 and 100 kHz.] at room temperature. Philips X-ray diffract-meter, model (P.W.1390b -λ= 1.5406 Å) was used for X-ray diffraction measurements at angles between 2θ = 10° and 80° in steps of 0.2 degree with an integration time 0.4 s per step.

X-Ray Diffraction
X-ray diffraction XRD is very useful tool for identification the order-disorder transformation, therefore it was used to check the internal structures of the studied samples. XRD patterns for the all studied samples were exhibited in Figure 1, where all sample showed same behavior. Checking Figure 1 carefully the shape shows two broad peaks have different intensities. 1 st peak was positioned approximately at 2θ = 27o, this peak is of highest intensity. While the 2 nd peak which of lowest intensity was positioned at 2θ = 44o.
By refer to the XRD database it can state that these peaks may due to XRD by both Bi and Fe cations. Such broad peaks may refer to some small crystallites embedded in an amorphous matrix. Generally, the absence of any sharp peak means the short-range order nature of the internal structure of the studied samples.  For a solid material, FTIR has an ability to characterize the order of the internal structure and building groups in addition to the chemical bonds. So, FTIR absorption spectra were recorded for all studied samples in range from 4000cm -1 to 400cm -1 , as seen in Figures 2-6. Logically, it can observe that each spectrum contains multi-broad bands, each band may compose of more than one peak. Where each individual peak refers to a fixed type of vibration, which consequently characterize a certain bond or group unit. Such shapes characterize the solids own short range order structure, this observation is in an agreement with the XRD data. For more analytical study, each broadband was de-convoluted to some small peaks with different centers, then recorded in Table 1 where the band around 437cm -1 may attribute to Bi-O valence vibrations of very deformed BiO6 units [3][4][5][6][7] overlapping with FeO6 groups [8].

FTIR Spectra Analysis
The relative area of this band increased as Bi 2 O 3 was increased, the thing which may that Bi 3+ have octahedral coordination and act as a glass network modifier and occupied only interstitial positions.      Above 1550(cm -1 ) Vibrations of OH groups [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] As an attempt to get all possible information from IR spectrum, Sellmeier equation [12], was resolved to obtain the average refractive index nFTIR for each sample, as seen in Table 2, Where λ is the wavelength corresponding to one wavenumber (center of each observable peak).

Dielectric Constant
The dielectric constant (relative permittivity), ε of bulk solid may be known as the ratio of the capacitance of a certain capacitor contains this solid as a dielectric medium to the capacitance of the same capacitor with a vacuum as the dielectric medium. For the present work, for each sample, to determine the value of its dielectric constant at room temperature (RT), a piece of glass of uniform shape (has a fixed dimensions) was inserted as dielectric medium in the two parallel plates capacitor of LCR bridge. Figure 7 shows the dielectric constant ε versus frequency at different Bi 2 O 3 ratios. It is clear that the ε increased with the increasing of Bi 2 O 3 content, this may due to the increasing of the polarizing agents (Bi 3+ ions) in addition to the non-bridging oxygen atoms. Also, it is clear that ε decreases by increasing the frequency, such behavior may due to the fact that as the frequency increases the orientational polarization decreases because the dipoles cannot follow the variation of frequency, so it takes more relaxation time than that of electronic and ionic polarization [13][14][15].