A Review on The Phytochemical and

Barringtonia asiatica is a species of Barringtonia native to mangrove habitats on the tropical, it is a common plant in the Malaysian Mangroves and wetlands such as the Kuching wetlands Sarawak and Bako National Park, it is also found in tropical Africa, Nigeria and Madagascar. Its large pinkish-white, pompon flowers give off a sickly-sweet smell to attract bats and moths which pollinate the flowers at night. It is grown along streets for decorative and shade purposes among Sarawakian houses in Malaysia and it’s also known as Box Fruit due to the distinct box-shaped of the fruit, it is a medium-sized tree growing to 7-25m tall [1]. The leaves are narrow obovate, 20-40cm in length and 10-20cm in width matured foliage colour is green, smooth glossy shiny leathery thick simple and evergreen. It is used as sausage food among the native of sarawakian in the kampong as well as a medicinal plant, inhabitants of several West African countries, Nigeria and the Polynesian Islands use liquid from the crushed bark of Barringtonia asiatica to treat stomach-aches, the top leaves from this tree are squeezed into water and the liquid taken orally. The stem bark of the plant is pinkish grey [2]. The plant when mature the bark texture is smooth and woody. The root type is fibrous and has pronounced tap root. The Fruit, due to its distinct square like diagonals jutting out from the cross section, it gives a semi spherical shape form from stem altering to a sub pyramidal shape at its base. The fruit measures 9-11cm in diameter, where a thick spongy fibrous layer covers up to 4-5cm diameter. The fruit is dispersed in the same way as a coconut by ocean current and is extremely water-resistant and buoyant [3]. It can survive afloat for up to fifteen years [1]. When washed ashore and soaked by rainwater then the seeds germinate.


Review Article Introduction
Barringtonia asiatica is a species of Barringtonia native to mangrove habitats on the tropical, it is a common plant in the Malaysian Mangroves and wetlands such as the Kuching wetlands Sarawak and Bako National Park, it is also found in tropical Africa, Nigeria and Madagascar. Its large pinkish-white, pompon flowers give off a sickly-sweet smell to attract bats and moths which pollinate the flowers at night. It is grown along streets for decorative and shade purposes among Sarawakian houses in Malaysia and it's also known as Box Fruit due to the distinct box-shaped of the fruit, it is a medium-sized tree growing to 7-25m tall [1]. The leaves are narrow obovate, 20-40cm in length and 10-20cm in width matured foliage colour is green, smooth glossy shiny leathery thick simple and evergreen. It is used as sausage food among the native of sarawakian in the kampong as well as a medicinal plant, inhabitants of several West African countries, Nigeria and the Polynesian Islands use liquid from the crushed bark of Barringtonia asiatica to treat stomach-aches, the top leaves from this tree are squeezed into water and the liquid taken orally. The stem bark of the plant is pinkish grey [2]. The plant when mature the bark texture is smooth and woody. The root type is fibrous and has pronounced tap root.
The Fruit, due to its distinct square like diagonals jutting out from the cross section, it gives a semi spherical shape form from stem altering to a sub pyramidal shape at its base. The fruit measures 9-11cm in diameter, where a thick spongy fibrous layer covers up to 4-5cm diameter. The fruit is dispersed in the same way as a coconut by ocean current and is extremely water-resistant and buoyant [3].
It can survive afloat for up to fifteen years [1]. When washed ashore and soaked by rainwater then the seeds germinate.
All parts of the tree are Poisonous, and the active poisons include saponins. The box fruits are potent enough to be used as a fish poison. This Angiosperm of a flowering seed plant has a perennial life span with an autotrophic mode of nutrition, the seeds collected by hand, then cooked and eaten with no apparent harm to the consumer. Below is the isolated structure of plant-based fish poisons Figure 1; Ranuncoside VIII [2]. The seeds have been found to contain about 2.9% of fixed oil consisting of olein, palmitin, and stearin; gallic acid 0.54%; and a glucoside, Barringtonia 3.271% (C18H25O7CH3) (5), and 1% of a substance designated as barringtogenetic [5,6]. Figure 2 shows the Natural habitant of Barringtonia asiatica and seed of Sarawak Kampong.  Even though all the parts of the tree are poisonous, the seeds are used for killing the fishes. The ichthyotoxic property of the seeds is attributed to Saponin in the Barringtonia [7]. Both mature (ripened) and immature (green) fruits are collected for this purpose. In case of mature fruits, it is collected from underneath the tree or in the beach areas since, it drops off once the outermost layer turns from green to brown and the immature fruits are plucked directly from the tree. The fruit are stored in a safe place, since it is poisonous, in order to avoid accidental consumption of these fruits by children or livestock. The collected matured and immature fruits are cut and stripped off the outer layers and the seeds are separated. Later it is grated on the same day at the fishing site or a day before venturing into sea. The lowest low tides and preferably full moon day time is selected for this type of fishing. The spring tide of the new moon fills the pools and inundated places with sea water in the intertidal area, where the water gets stagnated along with fish for longer duration and is exposed during low tide. For selecting the suitable area, skilled fishers visit the intertidal area and check the presence of fish and depth of the stagnated waters, seasonal streams, fresh water stagnation were harvested seasonally using the Barringtonia asiatica seed.

Taxonomy
It is one of the species in Plantae kingdom from genus Barringtonia which are classified under the family of Lecythidaceae.
The Barringtonia genus got its name after Hon. Daines Barrington, 1727-1800, an English nobleman, lawyer, antiquary and naturalist who wrote a book on English trees. Botanically, the 'asiatica' term at the later part of the scientific name was original name of Mammea asiatica) by Carl Linnaeusnin his Species Plantarium [8].

Habitat
The genus demonstrates a wide range of growth forms, Barringtonia asiatica is confirming to the models Leeuwenburg's and or Champagnats model. aptly known as the Box Fruit, due to distinct square like diagonals jutting out from the cross section of the fruit, given its semi spherical shape form from stem altering to a sub pyramidal shape at its base. The fruit measures 9-11cm in diameter, where a thick spongy fibrous layer covers the 4-5cm diameter. The fruit is dispersed in the same way as a coconut by the ocean current and is extremely water-resistant and buoyant [10]. It can survive afloat for up to fifteen years [1] it was one of the first plants to colonise Anak Krakatau, when this island first appeared after the Krakatau eruption [11], When washed ashore, and soaked by rainwater, the seeds germinate. In the fruits several seedlings often emerge from a single seeded fruit of Barringtonia asiatica [9].

Phytochemicals
Barringtonia asiatica species, the fish killer has been identified as a source of natural products with potentials as an antitumor [12][13][14]. Its cytotoxicity data showed strong correlation with costly cytotoxicity test using human cancer. As anti-victor disease Dengue-fever [15]. Barringtonia asiatica has a potential of wound healing [16,17]. Study on most Barringtonia species from all parts of the world, Africa, Asia, India, China and Northern America have been widely conducted that led to the isolation and identification of some physicochemical active compounds such as amides, alkaloids, lignans, flavones, flavanones, terpenes and steroids etc. [18]. The crude methanol extract of leaves, fruits, seeds, stem and root barks of Barringtonia asiatica and subsequent petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity [20]. Antifungal activity of the plant has also been reported by others [20]. The methanol extract of the seeds yielded two major 204 two aglycons (A1-barrigenol and A2-barrigenol) together with tiglic acid. In 1967 the structure of A1-barrigenol was deduced as 3â,15R, 16R,22R,28â-pentahydroxyolean-12-ene (3) from 1H NMR spectroscopy. A2-barrigenol was found by the same authors [21]. to be identical as camelliagenin A, whose structure had been deduced as 3â,16R,22R,28â-tetrahydroxyolean-12-ene6 (4)

Pharmacological potentials
Little studies have been done regarding the biological activities of Barringtonia asiatica [24]. The fruits and seeds of barringtonia asiatica are used as fish poison, the fruit juice from the leaves are applied to stomach ache and rheumatism, seeds as vermifuge, and the bark for treatment of tuberculosis. The crude extract of barringtonia asiatica seeds exhibited high biological activity in the brine shrimp hatchability and lethality assay and the fractions of the extract of leaves, stem-bark and roots exhibited a broad spectrum antibacterial and fungal activity [25]. The hexane leaf extract as reported by [26], in their studies on the antibacterial and cytotoxicity test showed the potential of Barringtonia asiatica extract as lead agent in the development of new drugs for pathogens. The seed was reported to have piscidal activity and the oleanane glycoside ranuncoside was elucidated as the principal compound responsible for the activity [27]. It was also reported that the flavonoid compounds of Barringtonia asiatica have been isolated and has a biological activity [23]. of Barringtonia asiatica tree are squeezed and juice applied over wounds or injuries as a pain reliever. The juice is also used for deworming the human beings. The leaves of the plant together with coconut oil when heated and the extract decanted to remove the fibres of leaves. The dosage and medication time varies with the age of the patient. As reported by [28]. The leaves are also found used for curing fracture and wounds. Experiment conducted by Dam Roy in [29] they reported that, using raw Barringtonia asiatica fruit on adult predatory fishes showed that it is effective in killing such predators as Elops machnata, Therapon jarbua and Megalops cyprinoides.
There has been an interest in the use of the A study on the bark of Barringtonia asiatica which was analysed by [16], concluded that treating wounds with the powdered extract from the bark of Barringtonia asiatica has the ability to accelerate the healing process. In their results they also suggest that treatment with an alcoholic extract of Barringtonia asiatica may have a beneficial influence on the various phases of wound healing like epithelialization, collagen synthesis, and wound contraction, which results in the faster healing of the wound. Thus, the wound healing potential of the Barringtonia asiatica extract may be as a result of the presence of a mixture of constituents including flavonoids and tannins [16]. However, Barringtonia asiatica spp collected from the Vailima Botanical garden is known for its traditional use for treatment of skin sores [30]. In traditional Samoan medicine, its fruit or bark is also used to treat yaws, where by the seed are used to treat ringworm and the bark is used in treatment tuberculosis.
In the Solomon Islands and Samoa, it is used to stun fish [31], the wood is sometimes used to make parts of canoes [31]. However, these pharmacological activities are likely to arise from the phytochemicals found in the extracts of Barringtonia asiatica, which include alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, terpeniods, and phenols as reported by Gorre et al. [31].

Recent research has shown that methanol extract of the seeds of
Barringtonia asiatica, when coated on leaves of various Solanum species, was reported to be a powerful antifeedant toward larvae of Epilachna species which constitute an agricultural threat to food production thus said to have a considerable advantage over conventional pesticides [22]. Pharmacological Activities of this plant is very enormous it used as Insect repellent [21].

Antibacterial Activity of Barringtonia Asiatica
Khan and Omoloso [19] in their study on antibacterial, antifungal activities of Barringtonia asiatica reported crude methanol extract of Barringtonia asiatica (leaves, fruits, seeds, stem and root barks) and the fractions of (petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol) exhibited a very good level of broad spectrum antibacterial activity. They reported that little work was done in this area with Barringtonia asiatica. The antibacterial and antifungal was reported by Antibacterial and Antifungal [19]. Dosage: To relieve the aching associated with malaria, inner bark is crushed and mixed with water and drunk, 2 cups per day for 2 days.

Antifungal Activities
The crude methanol extract of Barringtonia asiatica (leaves, fruits, seeds, stem and root barks) and the fractions (petrol,

Antidiabetic Activity
The plant has been reported to be used for treatment of diabetes across the peninsula of India. It also has other traditional medicine purposes such as many ailments including treatments for haemolytic disease (various diseases of blood), abdominal colic, lumbar pain, syphilis, blennorrhoea, fever and malaria. Khan et al.

Cytotoxicity and Safety
Barringtonia asiatica seeds was reported have biological activity using the brine shrimp hatchability assay and lethality assay. The result as reported by Mojica and Micor,[14] that the dose dependent relationship on the activity and the concentration used. This was possible that the extract contained some substance with cytotoxicity activity. In their study the found out that during the phytochemical test using the crude extracts showed the presence of saponins and terpenoids [19,27,32]. Thus, in the seeds of Barringtonia asiatica and its related genus. it is possible that these compounds acting individually or synergistically were responsible for the observed activity of the extract. A keen interest researcher from Upolu, Western Samoa, collected seeds of this tree, Barringtonia asiatica and tested in the field for piscicidal activity using small fish from a river in Western Samoa. Some of the seed samples were placed in 70% ethanol, following grinding in a water/ ethanol solvent mixture, removal of the pulp, and acidification, the liquid extract was exhaustively extracted with n-butanol. The solvent was removed, and the material was separated into its components using preparative reversed phase HPLC.
Using brine shrimp from the Great Salt Lake (Utah), the most retentive fraction was found to be most toxic.  Figure 1a shows the structure. Recently, two other new saponins were isolated from the seeds of the plant seed, but neither was credited with piscicidal activity [19]. It was reported by Mojica and Micor [14], that Brine Where the concluded that the activity increased significantly up to 48 h when exposure; particularly for the fruit extract.
Maximum sensibility is usually reached after 48 h of exposure for the oldest age class nauplii tested [35]. Since at this stage, the life cycle of the nauplii have reached second and third instar and exhibit greatest sensitivity to test compounds [36]. Barringtonia asiatica seeds were tested for biological activity using the brine shrimp hatchability assay and lethality assay. Results showed dose dependent relationship on the activity and concentrations used. It is possible that the extracts contained substances with cytotocity activity Phytochemical tests using the crude extracts showed the presence of saponins and terpenoids.
The fecundity of adult insect develops from the larvae that feeding Komansilan et al. [15], reported the effectiveness of vegetable

Traditional uses of Barringtonia asiatica
Traditional Medicinal Uses: The plant is used to treat fungal infections [20]. The plant was reported to heal burns and wounds by Woodley, in [39]. The leaves are heated and used to treat stomach ache and rheumatism in the Philippines while the fruits are used as a fish poison and the fruit juice for controlling scabies.
The seeds are used for the expulsion of intestinal worms and also as a fish poison [40]. The plant Barringtonia asiatica are also used to treat sores, cough, influenza, sore throat, diarrhoea, swollen spleen after malaria [41]. The plant is also used in Vietnam, the fresh nut is scraped and applied to sores; dried nut is ground into a powder, mixed with water and drunk to cure coughs, influenza, sore throat, bronchitis, diarrhoea and swollen spleen [39]. However, the bark is used in the treatment of tuberculosis [41]. In Yambio (Sudan), the inner bark is crushed and mixed with water and drunk to ease the aching associated with malaria. Barringtonia asiatica bark when combined combination with other plants it acts effectively as a medicine to treat tuberculosis in New Ireland and the Solomon Islands [39]. Insect repellent of Barringtonia asiatica was reported by Herlt [21]. Antibacterial and Antifungal [19], the dosage to relieve the aching associated with malaria, inner bark is crushed and mixed with water and drunk, 2 cups per day for 2 days. The fruits and seeds as reported by Khan et al. [19] were used as fish poison, fruit juice for controlling scabies, leaves applied to stomach ache and rheumatism, seeds as vermifuge, nuts used to treat sores, cough, influenza, sore throat, diarrhea, swollen spleen after malaria and bark for tuberculosis.

Conclusion
The plant of Barringtonia asiatica ariel parts and as a whole possess a wide array of pharmacological and phytochemical properties, which reflect their health benefits, and confer their other Barringtonia species which have many more bioactivities.
The Leave, stem-bark, and seed of Barringtonia asiatica are used as fish poison. One would therefore assume that the excessive consumption of these herbs may be detrimental to the human health, contrary to the belief that the regular intake of the herbs has health promoting properties and can assist in preventing degenerative diseases, delaying aging and improving overall health.
With the update of this review I believe further studies can be conducted on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of these plant Barringtonia asiatica.
They include isolating and identifying novel bioactive compounds; assessing the properties and elucidating the mechanisms of action of the isolated compounds; analyzing the effects of different processing methods on these plants; evaluating their toxic effects; and exploring their potentials of developing as herbal and pharmaceutical products. Notwithstanding, the prospects of studies on new phytochemical and pharmacological properties are equally promising if scientific studies is intensified and have indeed verified its worth exploring properties, Barringtonia asiatica may serve as a potential candidate for a future drug development.