Antibacterial activity of the rose extract

Antimicrobial agents are defined as those substances which possess inhibitory effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, preventing their growth. Antibacterial agents are classified based on the type of action, source of antibacterial agent, and range of the spectrum. Rose belongs to the family . Hundred (n=100) species of roses are locally available. Roses are native primarily to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. There is a wide variety of colors available in roses which enhances the beauty of the rose. Most roses are locally available in Asia, North America and few are available in Europe. Many parts of rose have been used to check the antibacterial and antifungal property and they are highly active to remove toxins from the body and shown positive results to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Different parts of rose can be used separately against bacteria. Rose extract can also be used to treat sore throat and to relieve chest congestion. The agents which are responsible for the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the rose extract are flavonoid and phenolic compounds. The rose petals are powdered and mixed in distilled water and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Pure cultures were swabbed on MHA plates and wells were made using sterile borer by agar well diffusion method. Twenty (20ul) of the extract was added in well and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Next day zone of inhibition was observed. To compare the activity of rose extract with amikacin, pure cultures were swabbed on MHA and amikacin disk was placed on each plate. Next day zones were observed. Rose extract has shown maximum inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus whereas the inhibitory effects against Bacillus cereus , Bacillus subtilis , and Klebsiella pneumoniae were not satisfactory. We have also observed that Vibrio cholera also showed sensitivity to rose extract whereas E.coli and Pseudomonas aureginosa gave intermediate zones, therefore we suggest that we can use rose extract against Staph aureus aureginosa and Vibrio cholera .

. They have many properties that help to treat cancer Alzheimer's disease like they pose biochemical and antioxidant effects, antimutagenic effect, anticarcinogenic effects, etc. A.N Panche et al. [2]. They are extracted from plants and are classified as a low molecular weight compound. Rose, onion is the major source of flavonoids Aleksandra et al. [3]. Apart from antibacterial and antifungal properties, flavonoids are also responsible for color and aroma production in flowers Dr. Nicola. [4]. They are helpful for plants in a way that they act as a UV filter which protects the DNA of plant from UV radiations Burak M et al. [5]. Classification is done based on C ring which contains carbon Calhoun et al. [6]. Terpene is a biological compound present in the rose flower. Terpenes have great industrial and pharmaceutical usage. In food industries, it is used as a flavoring agent or fragrancing agent. Pharmaceutical industries have medicinal uses of terpene Jiang z et al. [7].
Concentrates in ongoing decades have shown that terpenes apply anti-inflammatory impacts by hindering different proinflammatory pathways. Terpenes have been shown to exert activity against cancer and tumors Cho KS et al. [8].
products, vegetables, grains, blossoms, and herbs are due to anthocyanin. Anthocyanin is a Greek word, anthos means to bloom and kyanos means blue. Anthocyanins are transcendently found in nature as glycosides of polyhydroxy and polymethoxy subordinates of 2-phenyl-benzopyryliurn or flavylium salts. They are separated by the quantity of hydroxyl and methoxyl types of the B-ring, by the number of sugars connected to the aglycon and the situation of connection, and by the nature and number of aliphatic or aromatic acids appended to the sugar deposits welch et al. [9]. In a past report, quiniccorrosiv, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, pyrogallol, levoglucosan, and 4H-pyran-4-one, 2, 3-dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-6-methyl were the major distinguished segments in methanolic concentrate of R.  [13]. When the rose extract was made with different solutions it shows that rose extract along with petroleum ether showed great antibacterial activity as compared to rose extract with water or ethanol hirulkar n, b [14]. Without a doubt, the antimicrobial action of rose concentrates particularly rose fundamental oil is identified with compound segments particularly geraniol, citronellol and nerol or interdependent impacts between these segments. The

Sample collection
The rose petals were collected from the local flower market.
The petals were dried under shade for 1 week, pulverized into fine particles Devyani Bahl et al. [19].

Preparation of rose extract
The petals were dried under shade for 1 week, pulverized into fine particles by using a home chopper machine. The extract was prepared using distilled water. 200g of fine powder of rose petal was mixed in distilled water. Then it was concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The mixture was strained using Whatman filter paper and was placed on the funnel to obtain a filtrate. The filtrate was refrigerated for further use.

Comparative analysis of rose extract with antimicrobial agent
For comparative analysis, we have tested the strains by Kirby Buer disc diffusion test in which we had used amikacin for comparison with rose extract. Amikacin disc was placed against these isolates on MHA plates. The plates were then incubated for the formation of zones.

Identification of test organism
The test organism was identified based on by gram reaction of isolates, cultural characteristics, and biochemical tests such as IMVIC, TSI (Table 1-3).

Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-positive Large, circular, smooth, shiny, and pigmented on nutrient agar.

Bacillus cereus
Gram-positive Grey white irregular colonies on nutrient agar. Beta hemolysis on blood agar

Bacillus subtilis
Gram-positive Rough colonies on nutrient agar. Beta hemolysis on blood agar.

E. coli
Gram-negative Regular, flat whitish translucent colonies on nutrient agar. On EMB E. coli gives a green metallic sheen

Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Gram-negative Regular, slightly greenish, and translucent colonies on nutrient agar. It gives colorless colonies on EMB. On Psuedo agar, it gives green pigmentation.

Vibrio cholera
Gram-negative Glistening translucent colonies on nutrient agar. On MacConkey it gives non lactose fermenting colonies.

Enterobacter
Gram-negative Small grey colonies blood agar. Nutrient agars have colorless colonies

Antibacterial activity assay
The antibacterial activity is checked against all seven test organisms. The results of the zone of inhibition showed in Table 4 and Figure 1          Antibiotic susceptibility testing Table 6 and Figure 9-11.      To compare the activity of rose extract with an antibiotic, we selected amikacin to compare the antibacterial and antifungal activity. Amikacin is a novel antibiotic because it gives the best results against Pseudo and drug-resistant bacilli. It also showed activity against all tested strains.

Conclusion
This study shows there are many compounds present in rose flowers that possess antibacterial activity so it has confirmed that rose extract could be used for the treatment of various infections including multidrug-resistant staph aureus infections. Further studies should be done for antimicrobial screening of this product so that it can use in health care needs.