Dynamic Analysis of a Real Footbridge Structure in a Najaf City

For any structure has own natural dynamic behaviour depend on its stiffness and mass. The dynamic behaviour of a structure is represented by dynamic properties such as natural frequency and mode shape. The modal analysis method is applied to extract the dynamic properties of the structure [1]. If the structure excited by the external force has frequency close to the it’s natural frequency, the resonance will occur and that means the structure will face higher vibrations [2]. The changes of the modal properties are related with geometry, material properties and mass of the structure. In the design of the structure, the extracted modal properties using dynamic analysis helps to specify the weakness that needs modifications. So, calculating the natural frequency and mode shape of a vibrating structure are a common types of dynamic analysis and they are called “eignvalue and eigenvector analyses” respectively.


Introduction
For any structure has own natural dynamic behaviour depend on its stiffness and mass. The dynamic behaviour of a structure is represented by dynamic properties such as natural frequency and mode shape. The modal analysis method is applied to extract the dynamic properties of the structure [1]. If the structure excited by the external force has frequency close to the it's natural frequency, the resonance will occur and that means the structure will face higher vibrations [2]. The changes of the modal properties are related with geometry, material properties and mass of the structure. In the design of the structure, the extracted modal properties using dynamic analysis helps to specify the weakness that needs modifications. So, calculating the natural frequency and mode shape of a vibrating structure are a common types of dynamic analysis and they are called "eignvalue and eigenvector analyses" respectively.

Structural Dynamic System
The natural frequency, ω, is in units of radians per second (rad/s). The typical units displayed on a digital signal analyser, however, are in Hertz (Hz). To analyse equation the system shown in the Figure 1, the force acting on the system is summed up. This becomes [3]; and for free vibrations, = 0, the equation becomes: Thus: where is the circular frequency of the structure. The studied bridge structure in this paper is a pedestrian bridge, is located in the city of Najaf in Iraq. The city of Najaf is one of the most prominent cities in Iraq and located to the south west of the capital Baghdad far about 170km. The adopted structure is a pedestrian steel bridge erected on the main highway leading to the centre of the Najaf near Alghadir neighbour. The highway under the pedestrian bridge is a three-lane one-way with two directions for vehicular traffic, as shown in the Figure 2. The geometry of the real bridge structure is flexural grid floor model with a length of 34.9m and 2.1m span width supported on the three piers at height of 5.5m, as shown the Figure 3. The grid floor of the bridge model consists of two main girders of H-section with dimension of (400 x 300 x 13) mm connected by transverse channel cross section beams of (200

Adopted Pedestrian Bridge Structure
x 50 x 5)mm distributed uniformly along the length of structure. In addition, the stiffeners beams of angle cross section with dimension (75 x 75 x 5)mm connected at the top of both main girders to carry floor plate of 3mm section, as shown the Figure 3. The three piers of the structure are distributed at distance of 16.15m c/c in the longitudinal direction of the structure. Each Pier has dual column with transverse distance of 1.5m c/c, and connected each to other by angle cross section stiffeners beams, as shown the

Finite Element Modelling
The FE model of the steel grid bridge structural model consists of 167 nodes and 249 elements with different element lengths. The hidden elements are considered for piers supporting in lateral direction. Those elements are adopted to suppress local behaviour of transverse stiffeners beams of piers. Thus, zero mass density is assumed for those elements with the same angle cross section dimensions of (50x50 x 5) mm. The selection of different element lengths is adopted in order to reduce the number of elements of FE model. The finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out using ANSYS-v18 software for structural analysis by Ansys Parametric Design Language (APDL) method. The APDL method is easiest way to simulate the structural model in ANSYS software. However, it is complex for who did not use it, so needs more experience to simulate the real structural model. The important of the APDL is easy, flexible and more effective if there are a lot of changed parameters and connect the ANSYS software with software such as MATLAB software [4]. The Beam4 element type and linear elastic isotropic homogenous material are applied in the modal analysis. The first five modes of structural model for the assumed values of material properties used in FE model are selected in the analysis. The supporting of the columns of the bridge structure is fixed in the bottom with ground base. Instead of the stairs, the restricted supporting nodes are created in the upper side and release rotations in some axes to simulate the behaviour of stairs joints with the bridge structure. There is no loading applied into the bridge structure to extract modal properties, only the mass and stiffness of structural bridge model are used. (g) 7 th Mode shape, f=17.3280Hz.

Results
The results obtained from the modal analysis are the natural frequencies and the mode shapes of the adopted bridge structure. The natural frequencies values for first seven modes are listed in Table 1. The Type of mode shapes of the first seven corresponding natural frequencies is listed in Table 2 shown in Figure 2. The mode shapes, the maximum and minimum relative displacements in each direction of the first seven corresponding natural frequencies are shown in Figure 4a-g and it shows the first seven mode shapes of the adopted pedestrian bridge structure.

Code Standard
The Verification of the comfort criteria, according to Euro codes [5][6][7], should be performed if the structure has lateral or torsional modes of vibration lower than 2.5Hz and verti¬cal modes of vibration lower than 5Hz. The comfort criteria serves as recommended maximum levels of acceleration and it is up to the designer to determine whether it is necessary to make provisions in the design for damping after the structure is built [5][6][7].

Conclusion
The modal analysis of the pedestrian bridge using ANSYS APDL software was sufficient to identify seven modes below 20Hz. The first mode being fully coupled longitudinal with the first bending vibration frequency. The fundamental vertical frequency was identified as 8.4121Hz. The fundamental torsional mode was also observed uncoupled at 8.8821 Hz. The fundamental transverse frequency was identified as 8.9941Hz. The fundamental horizontal frequency was 17.3280Hz. The results show consistent of the bending, torsional and transverse modes. In modes 4, 5 and 6 the symmetrical exist. The results of the dynamic analysis showed that all frequency values exceed the standards according to euro code. The results of the dynamic analysis showed that all frequency values exceed the standards according to euro code. The range of vertical frequencies is between 8.4121Hz-11.2860Hz, the range of lateral frequency is between 8.9941Hz-17.3280Hz and the range of torsion frequencies is between 8.8821Hz-10.5230Hz. Where vertical and torsional frequencies values are exceed 682.4% for the lowest vertical frequency, while the ratio exceeded the greater vertical frequency is 1257.2%. As well as the override ratios for the lateral frequency is 2597.64%-5931.2%, while the torsional frequencies are in between 255.28%-3209.2%. Therefore, the vibration of the studied bridge in this project is not in conformity with standards, as it exceeds the permitted values.