Form of Nerve Impulse and Its Features of Propagation Along the Nerve Fiber Cells Arising from The Bio-Energy in Living Systems

We here researched the features of transport of nerve impulse along the nerve fiber using modern theory of molecular biology, in which we first elucidate the properties of structure of the nerve cell and the features of distribution of the charges for the sodium ions and potassium ions in the inner and exterior of the never cell membranes. In practice, their distributions are not uniformity, where the distribution of sodium ions and potassium ions between the inner and exterior of cell-membranes are not same, they are just inverse. Just so, an action electro-potential occurs in the cell-membranes. However, the action electro-potential is only a static impulse, it cannot propagate along the nerve organizations. If the nerve organizations are acted by the bio-energy, which could lead to the periodic variation of these sodium ions and potassium ions in the inner and exterior of the never cell membranes can be varied periodically under the action of bio-energy by the works of sodium pump and potassium pump on the surface of cell membrane, then the nerve impulse can propagate along the nerve fiber cell membranes. Our investigations verify that the bioenergy released from the hydrolyses reaction of adenosine phosphate (ATP) molecules in the cells can play the role. This chemical reaction can release the bio-energy of o.42 eV, which can be transported along the protein molecules to excite the work of se sodium pump and potassium pump. Thus, the propagation of the nerve impulse can be carried out automatically in living systems. This is just the mechanism of propagation of the nerve impulse along the nerve l fiber cel membrane. In this paper we elucidate and research in detain and deeply the mechanism of form of the nerve impulse and its features of propagation.


Introduction
It is known that the nerve system is very important organization in animal and humanity. The animal and humanity cannot live and move without the nerve system. A basical and important function The unit of the nervous system in animals is the nerve cell or the neuron. It is the unit of structure and function of nervous system, its main function is to accept process and transfer the nerve information, to complete the functions of the nervous system. It consists of nerve cells having different sizes and forms, which is shown in Figure 1. In addition to general structure of cell, which contains the membrane, cytoplasm and nuclear, the neuron or nerve cell is also composed of the membrane, cytoplasm and nuclear, but their sizes and shapes are different those of general cell. In particle, the neuron is a fiber cell and contains the cell-body and many bumps, such as one axon and many dendrite, which are issued from the cell-body, in the cytoplasm there are an austenite (or Nissl substances), which is an active part and the position of syntheses of protein molecules. At the same time, the neurons involve also the large number of microtube and micro-trabecular, which is formed through accumulated by a plenty of large number of polarized protein molecules, which resembles with a polymer formed by many dipoles in accordance with the style of order arrangement, it is also an acted site of the narcotics of central nervous. In fact, the size and shape of different neurons are very distinct, but their structures are almost same, they can all be represented by (Figure1) [1,2]. The branch of the axon is called the lateral branch.

The basic structure of nerve systems
The unit of the nervous system in animals is the nerve cell or the neuron. It is the unit of structure and function of nervous system, its main function is to accept, process and transfer the nerve information, to complete the functions of the nervous system.

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shown in Figure 1. In addition to general structure of cell, which contains the membrane, cytoplasm and nuclear, the neuron or nerve cell is also composed of the membrane, cytoplasm and nuclear, but their sizes and shapes are different those of general cell. In particle, the neuron is a fiber cell and contains the cell-body and many bumps, such as one axon and many dendrite, which are issued from the cell-body, in the cytoplasm there are an austenite (or Nissl substances), which is an active part and the position of syntheses of protein molecules. At the same time, the neurons involve also the large number of micro-tube and micro-trabecular, which is formed through accumulated by a plenty of large number of polarized protein molecules, which resembles with a polymer formed by many dipoles in accordance with the style of order arrangement, it is also an acted site of the narcotics of central nervous. In fact, the size and shape of different neurons are very distinct, but their structures are almost same, they can all be represented by

The form of the synaptic structures and its properties
The synaptic structures have very important roles in the nerve activities, its structure and features are worth to study seriously.
Its form is described as follows. The axons at the grown position in the neuron are grown and extended some larger cones, in this case their cone end of the protuberance or bumps can contact or combine to form a function wide organ with the bottom of axons or dendrites or cell-body of neighboring neuron. The organ between two neurons is referred to as the synaptic as shown in Figure1 [1-6]. Synaptic is a contact area and small gap having exceptional function, which can transport and transfer the neural signals from one neuron to another neuron. However, they are not continuous in the protoplasm. The synaptic is the association origin of function between two nerve cells and the position of contact of structures.
Through the associations and their works, the neurons and receptor cells as well as the effect or cells are associated together to form a complete system of transmission of neural signals. There are not the transmission and transport of neural signals without the synaptic. Therefore, the synaptic is a key origin in neurobiology.
It is estimated that the human brain has about 10 14 ~ 10 15 synapses. Single synaptic is a complex of incoming -outgoing unit of signs, which is just a basic feature of the neurons. All neurons are all linked together through them. The related linkage between two neurons or seeking, the synaptic contains three parts: the before-part of synaptic of active cells or their protuberance given out, after-part of synaptic of cells accepted activation or their protuberance and the part or gap between them. Therefore, the correct forms of linkage of the synapses require not only the right guidance of growth of the protuberances along the surface of cells and extracellular pathways, but also the specific identification between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells. At the same time, it demands also stability of synapses in the activation in the motion of time and space. In biology, the synaptic connections, or speaking shape or form of e synaptic are various. If an axon or a lateral branch are terminated in another neurons, then it is called the axisbody synapse, but the synapnic between the axons and dendrites is called the axon-dendrite synapntic, the synaptic between two axons is the axon-axon synaptic. If one axon is terminated on the skeletal muscle fibers, then it is referred to as the neuromuscular endplate. 222 each other, which will lead to the alienation of contacted membrane, thus the two-layer membranes should be separated by a narrow synaptic gap. The synaptic gap is an analogue matter of basement membrane, which is derived from the before-and after-membranes.
The materials in the synaptic gap are all the protein molecules, which involved the alkaline amino acid with high concentrations, its interstitial matter has the sialic acid and glycoprotein, etc. In the

The chemic synapses The electric synapses
The affection of action potential of the presynaptic on electric potential of after membranes is small The action potential of presynaptic is a direct factor of the transport Presynaptic potential caused many synchronous releasing of neurotransmitters by the small bubble under action of cooperation of ca2 +

Without this effect
The releases of euro transmitter produce the appearing of local and different potentials of postsynaptic membrane, its sizes can be integrated, the postsynaptic potential can be inverted when it is varied The postsynaptic potential has not been inverted, when it is varied There are synaptic vesicles in this case Without synaptic vesicle It can be both excited and inhibited It can only be excited

It is easily influenced in chemical factors It is not influenced
Its effect can be sux (0.1) mmarized in the space and time, it has also an integrated effect 1:1, few integration The nerve excitation and action electric-potential as well as use of bio-energy in the nerve systems The resting electric-potential of cell membrane and its mechanism What is nerve excitement? It is that the nervous tissues give out a strong reaction, when its strength reaches or exceeds the certain threshold. This phenomenon appears also in the muscle tissue. Its main feature and performance are that the electric-potential across the cytoplasmic membranes generated a fast variation. In this case the strength of variation of electric-potential is used to characterize and mark the state and intensity of the nerve-excitation. We here will discuss the excitation states of the nerve and its features and representations in the nerve system.
As it is known, the molecular structure of the neurons is also In particle, in the nervous tissues the compositions of the inside and outside electrolytes are also different, such as the concentrations of Na + and Clare more many in the outside of the axons of active-squid, but much less in its, but the distribution of K + is just opposite. In the resting state, the charge distributions in the inside and outside of the cell membrane in the nerve fibers is still negative in the interior and position in the exterior, thus its electric potential is about 70mV, its membrane resistance is 10 3 Ω/cm 3 , its we can easily obtain φ k = -75mV, this is basically consistent with the experimental value of resting electric potential value of -70mV measured . This verified clearly that the distribution of the ions on the cell membrane described mentioned above are correct.
This conformed strongly that the resting electric-potential of the membrane is produced by the permeability of K + ions [1,2,7-9].
If second condition : is used we can find out the following relationship which promote the fluxes of Na + , K + and Clalong their directions of decrease of electric chemical potentials. Thus some ion-currents are occurred on the membrane. This results in just occurring of the electric signs in the cells. Obviously, the electric signs are generated due to the open and close of the ionic channels. In the normal state Na + ions are shifted from the outside cell membrane to its interior, but t the displacement of K + and Clare just inverse and to the outside membrane from its interior. Very clearly, these fluids will induce the variations of distribution of these ions from the non-uniform state to the uniform state, thus the electricsigns of the cells will decreased, which are not advantageous for the growth of the cell or life. In this case it is quite necessary to maintain the ion concentration gradient on both sides of the cell membrane mentioned above. In order to gain this purpose, its basic method to construct and grow some ion pumps, such as the sodium pump and potassium pump, which can hand and carry Na + ions to the outside membrane from inside membrane , and can hand and carry also K + ions to the inside membrane from outside membrane, respectively. Thus the nonuniform distribution of Na + ions and K + ions or their gradients of concentration on the cell membrane can be always maintained or restored also in active life bodies using these ionic pumps . In other words these ion pumps can provide the bio-energies to carry away these ions to specifying positions to maintain the gradients of concentration of these ions in both sides of the cell membrane to a certain level, then all life activities can remain and continue, if the bio-energy is supplied enough. Or else, the life activities will be completely stopped. Therefore we can say that the Na + and K + pumps and the supply of bio-energy play very important roles in the life activities [1-2,7-9].
However, how can these ion pumps be constituted and grown?
Very clearly, the work can be carried out and finished by some special protein molecules or enzymes, which can also bring away and carry away these ions to specifying positions. These proteins or enzymes are some rotary motor -proteins or ATP synthases, such as the rotary motor -protein as shown in Figure 4, DNA helicase motor and RNA polysaccharide enzymes motor. We here will elucidate the structures and functions of the ion pump in the ATP s synthase in Figure 4, which can shoulder the work of syntheses of ATP and can provide the bio-energy. The enzyme is composed of the part of proton conduction, F 0 , and it's part of promotion, F 1 . When the protons traverse the F0, ATP molecules will be synthesized in F 1 , thus the bio-energies generate immediately by means of the hydrolyses reaction of ATP molecules. This reaction is reversible. In this case, the bio-energy can promote the protons to move along the inverse directions, if the hydrolyses reaction of ATP molecules occurs in F 1 .
Because F 1 can catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP molecules, then it is called as F 1 -ATP enzyme. The ATP synthesized enzymes exist also in the inner membrane of the mitochondrial and the serosa in the bacteria as well as capsule membrane in the chloroplasts.
In the process of syntheses of ATP molecules , the chemical potential of the protons must be consumed and expended, but the chemical potential can be complemented by the biological membrane including the light-chemical systems. When ATP enzymes rotate the protons along the inverse direction, the hydrolyses of ATP molecules occur, thus the electric-chemical potential of the protons is also formed in this case. However, the transmission mechanism of the protons in the reverse reaction is always related to the hydrolysis of ATP molecules. As it is known, the syntheses and hydrolyses of ATP molecules are carried out by the F 1 -ATP enzymes on the enzyme membrane. F 1 -ATP enzyme has a strong activity of hydrolyses of ATP molecules, but F 0 part of the enzyme can also cause the shift of the protons and promote further their movements of across the membranes. The distance between the part of F 1 -ATP enzyme in the hydrolytic enzymes and the proton transmission area is about 8nm, they are linked by γ sub-base. Therefore, the syntheses and hydrolyses of ATP molecules and proton transmission are completed through the mutual combination among them using the γ sub-base, in which the increment of rotation is about 120 0 , but the direction of γ base will be rotated about 120 0 ,when one hydrolysis reaction of ATP molecules is appeared , thus its efficiency is close to 100%. about 50% of metabolic energy were used in the sodium pump in the nerve fibers in the resting state. In the crab the hydrolysis of ATP molecules is together finished by ATP-enzyme, K + , Na + and mg 2+ , where ATP-enzyme is a part of the membrane, its other part is in outside cell membrane. In this case there are an interaction between the enzymes in the outside membrane and K+ in the outside cells .
When K + exists, the work of potassium pump will be stopped, the sodium channels are opened duo to the excitation of Na + in this case, then the sodium pump start its work to make or to forces Na + ions up-shift along the direction of increase of its concentration.
In this time, Na + ions are displaced and transferred into the inside membrane by its ionic motions in channels and their interactions with some moved carriers, which guarantees the the gradient of its concentration between both sides of cell membrane and the transport of Na + ions in plasma. On the other hand, K + ions will be also shifted to the inner of cells under action of the difference of electric-potential generated by the active transport in Na + ions.
Therefore, the flowing of the Na + don't depend on the difference of electric -potential in the cell membrane (which is right in the case of below the interval of threshold values), but the flowing of K + ions in inside cell is increased with the increase of the difference of electric-potential between both sides of cell membrane. This is just so-called the effect of the electric coupling between Na + and K + ion transport in the nerve systems. These results were confirmed in the From the above investigations we can conclude that we must use bio-energy to maintain the nonuniformal distribution of Na + ions and K + ions and their gradients of concentration on the cell membrane using the sodium pump and potassium pump as well as the bio-energy released by hydrolysis reaction of ATP molecules. It is very interesting that these processes can go on and be finished simultaneously in these ionic pumps under action of the bio-energy. Therefore, we concluded that there are not works of the sodium pump and potassium pump as well as life activity of cell without the bio-energy.

The form of action electric-potential under action of bioenergy in the nerve systems
We know from the above investigations that the ions of Na + , K + and Clare not the uniform distribution in the inside and outside cell membrane and their permeabilities across the membrane are also different, thus there is a resting electric-penitential of -40 --70mV in cell membrane, which arise from the motion of K + ions. This means that the distribution of electric-potential of the membrane is the positive in outside membrane and negative in inside membrane, respectively, namely, the membrane is in the polar state in the resting state, which is just the state of polarization of cell membrane. However, when the cells are stimulated by a small electric signs, then its states and features will be changed.
If a glass capillary electrode is inserted in the inside of the cells, then the depressions of the absolute value of negative differences of electric-potential between the inside and outside membrane e in a short period of time are inspected and observed. The values of decreases of the differences of electric-potential are further depressed with the increasing distance between measured and stimulated electrodes. This indicated that the electric-potential is localized. In general, when the stimuli are small, the changes of the negative potential in the inside membrane are small, which does not exceed a threshold. However, if the stimulated intensity is increased to exceed the threshold, then the electric-potentials of many excitable cells will be varied greatly and fast to become the positive values in inside membrane and negative in outside membrane from the above state at the time of 0.5ms. Subsequently, the change will increase continuously with increasing time, and makes the positive electric-potential reaches a maximum value (about 50 mV) at a determined time, which is called the depolarization of the membrane. After this , the electric-potential will gradually decrease to original value at about 1ms, which is called stored polarization of the membrane. However, the deppessed state of the electric-potential cannot sopped and is deppessed continuously to a minimum, which is referred to as superpolarization. This changes of the electric-potential is referred to as an action electric-potential, which is represented in Figure 5. The variations can be described as follows. In the resting state the cell membrane is in the polarization state, its electric -potential is about -40 --60 mV, which is caused by the motions and the increases of permeability of K+ ions. However, the depolarization is caused by the increases of permeability of Na + ions across the membrane under the influence of sodium pump and bio-energy released in the hydrolyses reaction of ATP molecules, which carry away Na + ions from the inside membrane into the outside membrane, thus the electric-potential in the outside membrane is increased, its strength is larger than that in inside membrane, thus the cell membrane is in the depolarization state, in which the electric-potential is lifted as shown in Figure 5. However, once the electric-potential reach a maximum, the potassium pump is started to work, it carries K + ions into the inside membrane from the outside membrane, thus the electric-potential is depressed and the cell membrane is in restored polarization state. the membrane is further in the superpolarization state with increasing time due to the inertial motion of K + ions, which are shown in Figure 5. Therefore, the electric-potential 228 which cause the concentration gradient of the ions in both sides of membranes, are carried out by the above ionic pumps, but their energies are obtained from the hydrolyses reaction of ATP molecules. The ionic pumps can not only pump initiatively out some ions but also bring these ions into the cells to maintain always the concentration gradient across membrane at a solid level. In this case the sodium pump can pump out three Na + in the outside of cell membrane to inside membrane, but the potassium pump can pump out two K + to inde membrane from outside membrane to change the electric potential on the cell membrane. When the variation of electric-potential of the axon membrane exceeds its threshold, then the action electric-potential is triggered, thus the excitement of the neurons occurs in the nervous system.
The action electric-potential is an electric signs, or speaking, it is essentially a nerve electric-impulse having certain electric-signs, its signs is great, rapid change and has a solid shape. It is exhibited and represented in the electric-potential having the constancies of size and form, its change of whole shape can be controlled in several milliseconds and depend not on the types and possess of the stimulation, and possess the nature of the "all or nothing".
The action electrical-potential has not the distinction of size, but it can transport the nervous -biological information along the nerve fiber membranes in a stable wave form with certain frequency i, the higher of its frequency, the fast of its speed.
Once the action electric-potential reached the nerve terminal, then it will trigger and release some nerve neurotransmitters, in this case its secretion rate are also very higher. Obviously, this kind of action electric-potential is generated under synergistic action of Na + and K + ions in their channels. Because the open and close of two ion channels go on very accurately, then the contrary variation of the depolarization of following membrane and its difference of electrical -potential are quickly completed, if the action electricalpotential occurs, this means that the electrical-potential in inside cell is higher than that in outside cell. Subsequently, they back to the level of resting electrical-potential. In the change case of the action electrical-potential, it will be propagated along the axons from one neurons to other in the speed of 120m/s through the synapses up to the central nervous systems and the brain to cause nerve excitement.
where P K 、P Na and P Cl denote the permeabilities of Na, K and Evidently, the electrical-potential across cell membrane in Eq. (9) are related only to Na, K and Cl ions, but only if the electric-potential in the inside membrane is lifted and the permeability of Na ions across the membrane from outside to inside is increased , then the values of the electric-potential across membrane will be changed to the positive from negative in the inner membrane. Subsequently, Na ions will infiltrate in the inner nerve fiber membrane, thus the electrical-potential will be lifted, which will lead to increases of osmotic quantity and speed of Na ions. However, when the electrical-potential in the inner membrane is lifted to certain value, a hysteresis effect occurs. In this case the permeability of K ions across the membrane is also increased. Because the concentration of Na ions in the inner fiber membrane are higher, then they can outwardly osmoses to the exterior of membrane. When the action electrical-potential is formed, the permeability of K ions will be increased and is faster than that of Na ions after 0.33ms, then the electrical-potential will return to original value (-70eV) from the maximum (+50mV). This effect cannot be varied although the c) The experiment found that the generation of action electrical-potential is accompanied always with the increases of shifted speed of Na ions along the direction of increase of the gradient of electrical -chemical potential. In the great nerve fibers in the squid, one time of the action electrical-potential will result the Na ions of 3.1n mol./cm 2 to come in the fiber cell. Thus this verified that the analyses and results mentioned above are correct.
In practice, the experiment of the radioactive tracer of sodium atomic motion in the squid indicated that the flowed quantities of movements of Na and K ions are small in its generated period, such as in the giant axon of the squid, about (3-4) x 10 -12 mol/ cm 2 of Na + are shifted and absorbed only, the same number of K + ions are lost and moved during the action electrical-potential or the period of electric-impulse. This indicated that the variation of concentration of Na or K ions are very small, are only one over one hundred thousand of the total numbers during one period of impulse of action electrical-potential. This is due to the inertia effect of depolarization functions of the membrane, which results in the depolarization effect of the membrane. In this case the nerve fiber membrane cannot occur second reaction of stimulus, only if the permeability of these ions are restored to original state, these ions can react to external stimulus after the time of 0.5-2 ms. Otherwise, the temperature can also greatly influence the above changes. If the temperature is varied from 6 o C to 7 o C, then the permeability of K ions increases, but the loss of Na ions is increased, thus the amplitude of the action electrical-potential will be decreased more.
The above results manifest clearly that the bio-energy released in the hydrolysis reaction of ATP molecules plays key and important parts in works of sodium pump and potassium pump as well as the generation of action electrical-potential, there are not works of sodium pump and potassium pump as well as the generation of action electrical-potential without the bio-energy.

The transport of the nerve impulsion
We now study the concrete process of form of the action electrical-potential and its transfer along single nerve fiber membranes, which can be represented in Figure 6. In the front before part of the excited area or first end the cell membrane is in the restored polarization state, which is denoted in "static membrane "in this figure. Subsequently, the cell membrane is in a polarization state due to the stimulus of externally applied electrical-signs, such as electric current or field, in which the sodium current is formed due to the action of sodium pump and the bio-energy, meanwhile, where the electric-potential of the membrane is also varied to the negation in the outside membrane from the positive in the inside membrane. In the linkage region between the excited area and non-excited area there are the lifting of the electrical-potential of membrane and its depolarization due to that the sodium current flow over the membrane from inner to exterior in the non-excited area. When the electrical-potential of membrane reach the threshold value in this region, then the action electrical-potential occur in new excited area. In the subsequent part of the excited area the potassium current will also occurs due to form of the potassium pump and influence of the bio-energy, which makes the membrane restore to the polarize state. In this case the current, which is started from original excited area, makes the cell membrane reach the threshold in new region, thus one new excitation and corresponding new action electrical-potential are formed, its formed process can be denoted in the excitationdepolarization -restored polarization, which is shown in Figure   6. This process is gone repeatedly on, then the transfer of action electrical-potential along the nerve membranes is appeared and carried out. In this case. This is just the mechanism of the transfer of action electrical-potential.