The Relevance of Durand’s Anthropological Framework of Imaginary in the Understanding of the Paradoxical Dimensions of Frontiers and Boundaries

These notions of frontiers and boundaries are important for various reasons such as for the understanding of geographical space and evolution, any culture of origin and history, for the affirmation of a nation’s identity, or in the context of cultural exchanges and social interactions (e.g. immigration, business trades, to name a few). Indeed, frontiers have many functions or roles depending on contexts, circumstances, and even people. As Anderson and O’Dowd [11] have pointed out:

. In that sense, the challenges and issues related to frontiers and boundaries are not new: many researchers have addressed this problem in anthropology [6,7] as well as in archeology [8][9][10].
These notions of frontiers and boundaries are important for various reasons such as for the understanding of geographical space and evolution, any culture of origin and history, for the affirmation of a nation's identity, or in the context of cultural exchanges and social interactions (e.g. immigration, business trades, to name a few). Indeed, frontiers have many functions or roles depending on contexts, circumstances, and even people. As Anderson and O'Dowd [11] have pointed out: [Borders] are at once gateways and barriers to the "outside world", protective and imprisoning, areas of opportunity and/or insecurity, zones of contact and/or conflict, of co-operation and/or competition, of ambivalent identities and/or aggressive assertion of difference. The apparent dichotomies may alternate with time and place, but, more interestingly ̶ they can co-exist simultaneously in the same people, some of whom have to regularly deal not with one state but two.
This short article aims to highlight the relevance of Gilbert Durand's [12] anthropological framework of imaginary for understanding the paradoxical dimensions of frontiers and boundaries. In order to do so, the complexity and paradoxical nature of frontiers and boundaries will be presented. Following that, Durand's theory on the anthropological structures of the imaginary will be briefly introduced. Lastly, we will conclude with an application of Durand's framework to the notion of frontiers.

The Complexity and Paradoxical Nature of Frontiers and Boundaries
Frontiers and boundaries are not only dynamic over time, they remain fundamentally paradoxical [12] and complex as they can be real or imaginary [13]. In that context, one needs to recognize the importance of imagination (and imaginary) 1 to make sense of this complexity [14]. For instance, in times of natural disasters (such as forest fires, earthquakes, and so forth) or even wars, a country opening its frontiers in favor of welcoming strangers-coming from other countries and perceived as victims-would be most likely viewed as altruistic and responsible towards these people. In other circumstances, such as the current worldwide (COVID- 19) pandemic, the opposite behavior is expected all over the world. In such cases, countries that maintain firm and clear boundaries, closely monitoring their frontiers, would be considered as acting responsibly, while still being altruistic and respectful of others 2 .
There exist plenty of concepts relevant to the notion of frontiers which refer to a constant dialectical tension; these concepts are expressed by a plurality of polarized coupled terms such as: linezone; closing-opening; barrier-bridge, sealing-porosity; opacitytransparence, separation-reuniting; repulsion-attraction; exclusion- 1 As opposed to one individual's particular imagination, the term imaginary (from the French noun imaginaire", and not its adjective equivalent), refers to the general and collective human ability to imagine which Durand (1979) calls "the whole human universe" (p. 23); it is a dynamic force that creates images and symbols and is represented by particular verbs and actions.
Despite the fact that all these coupled terms (mentioned above) shed some light on the complexity of the paradoxical aspect of boundaries; they do not provide a heuristic way of making sense of them. In order to provide a more coherent way to deepen our understanding of the paradoxical dimension of frontiers and boundaries, Bellehumeur and Chambers [14] have proposed, in the context of interpersonal and professional boundaries, a transdisciplinary framework, Gilbert Durand's anthropological structures of imaginary, as a heuristic model that make sense of the various: "functions and meanings of the border [which] have always been inherently ambiguous and contradictory" [11]. We argue that this anthropological framework is also relevant to the notions of boundaries and frontiers at a more macro level (e.g. for ethnographic, historical and sociopolitical research).

A brief overview of the The Anthropological Structures of the Imaginary (ASI)
According to Gilbert Durand [12,15] there are, at the origin of human cultures, reservoirs of images and symbols which continue to shape our ways of thinking, living and dreaming. In his seminal work The Anthropological Structures of the Imaginary (ASI), Gilbert Durand [12,15] considers the human being as a homo symbolicus, and demonstrates that there are two great polarities creating mental, visual, and narrative images, which are the diurnal and nocturnal regimes. These polarities are based on opposing worldviews or structures of the imaginary: (a) arising from the diurnal polarity, the Heroic Imaginary Structure of the human imaginary-characterized by the verbs 'to distinguish', 'to separate', 'to ascend', and 'to purify'-emphasizes actualizing an outcome, striving, initiative and action, separating good and evil, and conquering one's obstacles. It refers to an energy of "productivity" related to identity [16]; (b) arising from the nocturnal polarity, the Mystical ('intimist') Imaginary Structure-characterized by the verbs 'to confound', 'to descend', 'to possess', and 'to penetrate'emphasizes intimacy, passivity, refuge as a fortress, peaceful rest, and relaxation [15]. This mystical structure tends to merge things together; it refers to an energy found in "solidarity" [16]. Linking the two polarities, Durand [12,15] also identified a third structure called "synthetic" (later renamed "systemic") occurring between the nocturnal and diurnal polarities. This requires the co-existence of both heroic and mystical structures, which is best represented by the energy of regulation [16] encountered in the systemic imaginary structure. In this imaginary structure, there is a harmonious coexistence of both imaginary systems without mutual exclusion [12]. This refers to the notion of or dialectics 3 [17]or symbols such as the Ying and Yang, or the expression "coincidential oppositorum" (coincidence of opposite elements)-also used by authors like Eliade and Jung-in order to describe the essence of the systemic category. This structure is well described by the verbs 'to return', 'to grow', 'to progress' or processes such as historicity, maturity, via the verbal schema 'to link' [12,15]. The visual representations in Table   1 demonstrate the main differences between the three structures.
A light grey color circle is used to represent the heroic structure, as it echoes the diurnal polarity, the verbal schema "to distinguish," and also resonates with St-Arnaud's concept of energy of productivity and constant tension of living, as mentioned below. A darker (black) circle is used to represent the mystical structure, as it echoes the nocturnal polarity, the verbal schema "to confound" and at the same time resonates with St-Arnaud's energy of solidarity, harmony and peaceful living. Finally, in the middle, a swirling circle with both the light and the dark colors is used to represent the systemic structure as it echoes the verbal schema "to link," and also resonates with St-Arnaud's energy of regulation. Note that in the systemic structure, there is no "blending" of the two polarities (which would best be represented by a darker tone of grey circle, blending light grey and black); instead, the swirl illustrates the harmonious co-existence of opposites. St-Arnaud`s energy axes productivity regulation solidarity 3 Dialectics in the Merriam Webster Dictionary (2020) refers to the "dialectical tensions or opposition between two interacting forces or elements." For instance, positive and negative emotions are opposites, but they are also intimately connected. Their relationship is not static but continues to evolve through the interplay of the two polarities (Lomas & Ivtzan, 2016).

Conclusion
In this short article, we sought to demonstrate the relevance of Durand's anthropological structures of the imaginary framework as a useful model for making sense of the complexities related to the paradoxical dimensions of frontiers and boundaries. Given the fact that the notions of frontiers and boundaries have recently become more relevant and crucial with regards to maintaining people's needs for security (mostly for public health reasons), on top of their needs related to belonging and identity [18], the heuristic potential of Durand's framework appears to be a remarkable conceptual resource to explore within that context.